Ultrasound evaluation of foot muscles and plantar fascia in pes planus

Angin, Salih; Crofts, Gillian; Mickle, Karen J.; Nester, Christopher

doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2014.02.008

Cited by 163 publications

(154 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Similar imbalances in the peroneal and anterior compartments of the leg muscles have been shown to contribute to cases of pes cavus associated with other pathologies [16]. Additionally, young adults with pes planus demonstrated different sizes and thicknesses of the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the foot on ultrasound compared with normal controls [42]. We found that greater overall muscle mass in the legs was associated with lower odds of pes cavus.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

The associations of leg lean mass with foot pain, posture and function in the Framingham foot study

McLean

Dufour

Katz

et al. 2014

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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Background: Foot disorders are common in older adults and associated with impaired lower extremity function. Reduced muscle mass may play a role in the etiology of foot disorders and consequent poor function. Methods: We examined the association of leg lean mass with foot pain, posture and function among 1,795 individuals (mean age 67 years) from the population-based Framingham Foot Study (2002)(2003)(2004)(2005)(2006)(2007)(2008). Pain was assessed via questionnaire, and a pressure mat classified foot posture (arch: high, low, referent) during standing and function (pronation, supination, referent) during gait. Leg lean mass was measured by whole body dual energy x-ray absorptiometry.Results: In age-and body mass index-adjusted logistic (pain) and multinomial logistic (posture, function) regression models, a 1-standard deviation increase in leg lean mass was associated with lower odds of foot pain (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.68, 0.86) and pronation (OR = 0.76, 95% CI: 0.67, 0.85), and higher odds of supination (OR = 1.17, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.31). Adjustment for sex attenuated these associations. Higher leg lean mass was associated with lower odds of high arch, even after adjustment for sex (OR = 0.73, 95% CI: 0.60, 0.89). Conclusions: Though not related to foot pain or function, reduced leg lean mass was associated with extreme foot posture in older adults. Loss of muscle mass with aging may thus play a role in the etiology of functional impairment due to foot disorders.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

The associations of leg lean mass with foot pain, posture and function in the Framingham foot study

McLean

Dufour

Katz

et al. 2014

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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“…This muscle weakness, however, was not evident at the ankle, as there were no significant differences in ankle dorsiflexion strength among the three participant groups. Intrinsic foot muscles such as the abductor hallucis, flexor hallucis brevis and flexor digitorum brevis make specific contributions to supporting the MLA [31] and have been found to be reduced in individuals with a lowered arch [32]. This reduced muscle strength may contribute to the increased foot pain evident in the obese participants, possibly due to an inability of the weaker foot muscles to maintain structural integrity of their feet.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Obese older adults suffer foot pain and foot-related functional limitation

Mickle

Steele

2015

Gait & Posture

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There is evidence to suggest being overweight or obese places adults at greater risk of developing foot complications such as osteoarthritis, tendonitis and plantar fasciitis. However, no research has comprehensively examined the effects of overweight or obesity on the feet of individuals older than 60 years of age. Therefore we investigated whether foot pain, foot structure, and/or foot function is affected by obesity in older adults. Three hundred and twelve Australian men and women, aged over 60 years, completed validated questionnaires to establish the presence of foot pain and health related quality of life. Foot structure (anthropometrics and soft tissue thickness) and foot function (ankle dorsiflexion strength and flexibility, toe flexor strength, plantar pressures and spatiotemporal gait parameters) were also measured. Obese participants (BMI >30) were compared to those who were overweight (BMI = 25-30) and not overweight (BMI <25). Obese participants were found to have a significantly higher prevalence of foot pain and scored significantly lower on the SF-36. Obesity was also associated with foot-related functional limitation whereby ankle dorsiflexion strength, hallux and lesser toe strength, stride/step length and walking speed were significantly reduced in obese participants compared to their leaner counterparts. Therefore, disabling foot pain and altered foot structure and foot function are consequences of obesity for older adults, and impact upon their quality of life. Interventions designed to reduce excess fat mass may relieve loading of the foot structures and, in turn, improve foot pain and quality of life for older obese individuals. ABSTRACTThere is evidence to suggest being overweight or obese places adults at greater risk of developing foot complications such as osteoarthritis, tendonitis and plantar fasciitis, however, no research has comprehensively examined the effects of overweight or obesity on the feet of individuals older than 60 years of age. Therefore we investigated whether foot pain, foot structure, and/or foot function is affected by obesity in older adults. 312 Australian men and women, aged over 60 years, completed validated questionnaires to establish the presence of foot pain and health related quality of life. Foot structure (anthropometrics and soft tissue thickness) and foot function (ankle dorsiflexion strength and flexibility, toe flexor strength, plantar pressures and spatiotemporal gait parameters) were also measured. Obese participants (BMI >30) were compared to those who were overweight (BMI = 25-30) and not overweight (BMI <25). Obese participants were found to have a significantly higher prevalence of foot pain and scored significantly lower on the SF-36. Obesity was also associated with footrelated functional limitation whereby ankle dorsiflexion strength, hallux and lesser toe strength, stride/step length and walking speed were significantly reduced in obese participants compared to their leaner counterparts. Therefore, disabling foot pain and altered f...

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“…Arguably, the nature of kinematic variation between individuals may be such that assuming average population data represents normal function is invalid. Indeed sub classifications of symptom free feet into "cavus" and "planus" foot type do reveal differences in structure and function [32][33][34]. The mechanical (i.e.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Movement of the human foot in 100 pain free individuals aged 18¿45: implications for understanding normal foot function

Nester

Jarvis

Jones

et al. 2014

Journal of Foot and Ankle Research

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Background: Understanding motion in the normal healthy foot is a prerequisite for understanding the effects of pathology and thereafter setting targets for interventions. Quality foot kinematic data from healthy feet will also assist the development of high quality and research based clinical models of foot biomechanics. To address gaps in the current literature we aimed to describe 3D foot kinematics using a 5 segment foot model in a population of 100 pain free individuals. Methods: Kinematics of the leg, calcaneus, midfoot, medial and lateral forefoot and hallux were measured in 100 self reported healthy and pain free individuals during walking. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise foot movements. Contributions from different foot segments to the total motion in each plane were also derived to explore functional roles of different parts of the foot.Results: Foot segments demonstrated greatest motion in the sagittal plane, but large ranges of movement in all planes. All foot segments demonstrated movement throughout gait, though least motion was observed between the midfoot and calcaneus. There was inconsistent evidence of movement coupling between joints. There were clear differences in motion data compared to foot segment models reported in the literature. Conclusions:The data reveal the foot is a multiarticular structure, movements are complex, show incomplete evidence of coupling, and vary person to person. The data provide a useful reference data set against which future experimental data can be compared and may provide the basis for conceptual models of foot function based on data rather than anecdotal observations.

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Ultrasound evaluation of foot muscles and plantar fascia in pes planus

Cited by 163 publications

References 29 publications

The associations of leg lean mass with foot pain, posture and function in the Framingham foot study

The associations of leg lean mass with foot pain, posture and function in the Framingham foot study

Obese older adults suffer foot pain and foot-related functional limitation

Movement of the human foot in 100 pain free individuals aged 18¿45: implications for understanding normal foot function

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