“…In the management of arthrogenous TMDs, arthrocentesis has become a standard treatment option, due to its high efficacy and safety [ 14 , 43 ]. However, different techniques of arthrocentesis exist in the literature and in clinical practice, such as additional injection materials into the superior joint space [ 41 , 42 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ], the use of ultra-sound guidance [ 49 , 50 , 51 , 52 ] single versus double puncture techniques [ 30 , 32 , 53 , 54 ] and the timing of the procedure [ 19 , 55 ]. Specifically, the ideal irrigation volume for arthrocentesis of the TMJ remains a controversy.…”