“…Substitution patterns available by stepwise replacement of fluorines are different from those afforded by electrophilic aromatic substitution and allow preparation of diverse structural types [7,8]. Potential for ring formation with bidentate nucleophiles [9,10], control of regiochemistry through hard/soft nucleophilic interactions [11, 12,], and alternative methods for promoting reaction by ultrasound [13] continue to attract attention. Retaining fluorine in a molecule is also desirable from a medicinal chemistry perspective, since fluorine can improve resistance to metabolism due to the strong C-F bond (485 kJmol -1 ) while the small size (van der Waals radius, 1.47 Å) and high electronegativity (3.98 Pauling scale) endow specific electronic properties that can dramatically alter the biological response of the compound [14,15].…”