Ultrasound-Responsive Micelle-Encapsulated Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived EVs for the Treatment of Lower Limb Microcirculation Disease

Abstract

Lower limb microcirculatory ischemic disease is a vascular disorder primarily characterized by limb pain, gangrene, and potential amputation. It can be caused by various factors, such as hyperglycemia, atherosclerosis, and infection. Due to the extremely narrow luminal diameter in lower limb microcirculatory ischemic lesions, both surgical and medical interventions face challenges in achieving satisfactory therapeutic outcomes within the microvessels. Extracellular vesicles derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs-EVs) exhibit promising potential in the treatment of microcirculation ischemic lesions due to their small size and ability to promote angiogenesis. After undergoing substantial losses during the process of EVs transportation, only a minimal fraction of EVs can effectively reach the site of microcirculatory lesions, thereby compromising the therapeutic efficacy for microcirculatory disorders. Herein, an ultrasound-responsive system utilizing 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate- b -2-tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate (DMAEMA- b -THPMA) micelles to encapsulate MSCs-EVs has been successfully constructed, with the aim of achieving localized and targeted release of EVs at the site of microcirculatory lesions. The reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization method facilitates the successful synthesis of diblock copolymers comprising monomer 2-(dimethylamino)ethyl methacrylate (DMAEMA) and monomer 2-tetrahydropyranyl methacrylate (THPMA). The DMAEMA- b -THPMA micelles exhibit a nanoscale structure, reliable biocompatibility, ultrasound responsiveness, and conspicuous protection of EVs. Furthermore, the implementation of low-energy-density ultrasound can enhance angiogenesis by upregulating the levels of the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). In in vivo experiments, the ultrasound-responsive system of the DMAEMA- b -THPMA micelles and MSCs-EVs synergistically enhances therapeutic efficacy by promoting angiogenesis, improving vascular permeability, and optimizing vascular. In conclusion, this work demonstrates bioapplication of an ultrasound-responsive micellar nanosystem loaded with EVs for the treatment of lower limb microcirculatory ischemic disorders.

EIDD-1931 Treatment Tweaks CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in Arthritic Rats to Expedite Drug Interaction: Implication in Oral Therapy of Molnupiravir

“…WB was performed to check the protein expression of CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C11, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4 in the experimental liver tissues (equal proportion from each animal) of various study groups using the standard immunoblotting protocol. , The present study was carried out using β-actin as a loading control, which is widely used by several researchers for WB analysis. − The tissue homogenate was prepared using radioimmunoprecipitation assay (RIPA) buffer and protein content was determined using the Bradford method. The protein was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), transferred onto polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) membranes, blocked with skimmed milk (5% w/v), and probed with specific primary antibody (∼14 h at 4 °C).…”