Ultrasound technology and biomaterials for precise drug therapy

Polymeric Micellar Systems—A Special Emphasis on “Smart” Drug Delivery

“…The power density, concentration, and the nature (hydrophilic or hydrophobic) of the medicine and the process used for the US, are necessary to be taken into account for the careful application of US. Studies have shown that low frequency US usually penetrates deeper bodily tissues; as a result, it is used to treat cancers that are either deeply embedded or located in the distant region of the body [ 175 ].…”

Breast tumor‐targeted drug delivery via polymer nanocarriers: Endogenous and exogenous strategies

“…Biomedical ultrasound, adopting a frequency range of 0.1-50 MHz, enables deep tissue penetration, precise spatial control, and relatively low expense for clinic theranostics. 158,159 As acoustic waves penetrate through tissues, there are both thermal and nonthermal effects available for nanocarrier activation. The heat generated from ultrasonic energy dissipation can result in the degradation or collapse of thermal-labile nanocarriers.…”

“…For example, cavitation is a process wherein vapor cavities form and collapse violently, and it can generate mechanical pressure and shear stress to control the dissociation of micelles, liposomes, and nano-/microbubbles. 158,160 Polymer mechanochemistry, which exploits ultrasound to control polymer transformations at the molecular scale, has recently emerged to construct targeted nanocarriers. 161,162 Demonstrated transformations include the breaking of covalent bonds such as azo 163 and disulfides, 164,165 and the dissociation of noncovalent structures such as doublestranded DNA 166,167 and metal-ligand complexes.…”

“…Nonthermal effects or also known as mechanochemical effects can also trigger cargo release from nanocarriers. For example, cavitation is a process wherein vapor cavities form and collapse violently, and it can generate mechanical pressure and shear stress to control the dissociation of micelles, liposomes, and nano‐/micro‐bubbles 158,160 …”

Fully Integrated Ratiometric Fluorescence Enrichment Platform for High-Sensitivity POC Testing of Salivary Cancer Biomarkers

“…21−23 More importantly, the color hue changes with the intensity of the three primary colors [red, green and blue (RGB)], and the G/R value can be used to quantify the concentration of the target substance via smartphones. 24,25 As an emerging safe and noncontact external force driving method, the mechanical effects of ultrasound have been widely applied in fields such as drug screening, 26,27 separation of extracellular vesicles from whole blood, 28,29 controllable synthesis of materials, 30,31 and targeted therapy. 32,33 Recently, it has been reported that the standing waves formed by ultrasound in micro liquid media can directionally induce particle aggregation, 33,34 which provides new ideas for promoting the enrichment of fluorescent particles, enhancing fluorescence signals, and achieving ultratrace POC detection schemes.…”