Ultrasound velocity and attenuation of porcine soft tissues with respect to structure and composition: II. Skin and backfat

Koch, Tim; Lakshmanan, S.; Brand, Sebastian; Wicke, Michael; Raum, Kay; Mörlein, Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.meatsci.2010.12.004

Cited by 30 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Ultrasound images were evaluated interactively using an evaluation software (Rotosport, Austria; rotosport.at) for semiautomatic evaluations of SAT thicknesses. Sound speed was set to 1450 m s −1 for distance determination in fat [3,[18][19][20][21][22]. At each site, the software detects the SAT segments between the lower border of the skin and the upper border of the muscle fascia (for example, see Fig.…”

Section: Contour Detection and Sat Thickness Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Diagnostic (brightness-mode) ultrasound has been used for fat measurement since 1965 [33,34], and many publications followed. At sufficiently high probe frequency (12)(13)(14)(15)(16)(17)(18), the thickness measurement accuracy is approximately 0.1-0.2 mm [3,6,35], provided that the appropriate speed of sound in the given tissue is used (1450 ms −1 in fat [18][19][20][21][22]). The high accuracy enables measuring the embedded fibrous structures, which amount to substantial percentages of the SAT (Fig.…”

Section: Ultrasound Brightness-mode Imaging and Distance Measurement mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Relative Body Weight and Standardised Brightness-Mode Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat in Athletes: An International Multicentre Reliability Study, Under the Auspices of the IOC Medical Commission

et al. 2019

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Introduction Fat is a metabolic fuel, but excess body fat is ballast mass, and therefore, many elite athletes reduce body fat to dangerously low levels. Uncompressed subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) thickness measured by brightness-mode ultrasound (US) provides an estimate of body fat content. Methods The accuracy for determining tissue borders is about 0.1–0.2 mm and reliability (experienced measurers) was within ± 1.4 mm (95% limit of agreement, LOA). We present here inter- and intra-measurer scores of three experienced US measurers from each of the centres C1 and C2, and of three novice measurers from each of the centres C3–C5. Each of the five centres measured 16 competitive adult athletes of national or international level, except for one centre where the number was 12. The following sports were included: artistic gymnastics, judo, pentathlon, power lifting, rowing, kayak, soccer, tennis, rugby, basketball, field hockey, water polo, volleyball, American football, triathlon, swimming, cycling, long-distance running, mid-distance running, hurdles, cross-country skiing, snowboarding, and ice hockey. SAT contour was detected semi-automatically: typically, 100 thicknesses of SAT at a given site (i.e., in a given image), with and without fibrous structures, were measured. Results At SAT thickness sums DI (of eight standardised sites) between 6.0 and 70.0 mm, the LOA of experienced measurers was 1.2 mm, and the intra-class correlation coefficient ICC was 0.998; novice measurers: 3.1 mm and 0.988. Intra-measurer differences were similar. The median DI value of all 39 female participants was 51 mm (11% fibrous structures) compared to 17 mm (18%) in the 37 male participants. Discussion DI measurement accuracy and precision enables detection of fat mass changes of approximately 0.2 kg. Such reliability has not been reached with any other method. Although females’ median body mass index and mass index were lower than those of males, females’ median DI was three times higher, and their percentage of fibrous structures was lower. The standardised US method provides a highly accurate and reliable tool for measuring SAT and thus changes in body fat, but training of measurers is important.

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Section: Contour Detection and Sat Thickness Measurementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Ultrasound Brightness-mode Imaging and Distance Measurement mentioning

confidence: 99%

Relative Body Weight and Standardised Brightness-Mode Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat in Athletes: An International Multicentre Reliability Study, Under the Auspices of the IOC Medical Commission

et al. 2019

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“…Due to their low fat levels we, therefore, suggest that skatole levels below 0.23 μg/g melted fat have no impact on the acceptance of lean pork. Furthermore, it is noteworthy that skatole values of about 0.23 μg/g melted fat correspond to approximately 0.17 μg/g fresh matter of backfat tissue since the fatty acid content in backfat has been reported to be about 75% (Koch et al, 2011). Furthermore, the inter-laboratory variation of skatole and androstenone analysis due to different sample preparation and detection techniques (Ampuero Kragten et al, 2011) has to be carefully considered when comparing thresholds for detection by trained assessors or consumer rejection.…”

Section: Taste and Overall Likingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Consumer perception of boar meat as affected by labelling information, malodorous compounds and sensitivity to androstenone

et al. 2013

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“…Measurements of fat layers have been carried out with ultrasound and ultrasound imaging . However, no chemical information about the fat layers can be withdrawn from ultrasound measurements.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Depth profiling of porcine adipose tissue by Raman spectroscopy

Lyndgaard

Sørensen

Berg

et al. 2011

J Raman Spectroscopy

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Raman spectroscopy was applied on a depth profile of porcine adipose tissue (from skin to meat) with the purpose of (1) discriminating between fat layers and (2) estimating the variation in fatty acid composition as a function of fat depth and fat layer: total degree of unsaturation (iodine value), fractions of saturated, and monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The thickness and composition of the outer layer of porcine adipose tissue influences the final quality of backfat. A too‐thick outer layer is associated with problems such as oily appearance, rancidity development, and difficulties in separating muscle and adipose tissue when cutting. From principal component analysis on standard normal variate preprocessed Raman spectra (1800–800 cm–1), it was possible to discriminate between the outer and the inner backfat layer. Principal component analysis loadings showed that the separation of layer was mainly explained by variation in the bands originating from vibration of double bond C = C stretching plus = C–H twisting and rocking. In the prediction of iodine value a three‐component partial least squares regression model based on full range Raman spectra showed a root mean square error of cross validation of 2.00 and R2 = 0.69. Applying Cauchy–Lorentz band fitting proved that information regarding fat unsaturation was found not only in band intensity, but also in band parameters such as location and width. The results suggest Raman spectroscopy as a potential measurement technique for rapid grading of pork carcasses. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Ultrasound velocity and attenuation of porcine soft tissues with respect to structure and composition: II. Skin and backfat

Cited by 30 publications

References 31 publications

Relative Body Weight and Standardised Brightness-Mode Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat in Athletes: An International Multicentre Reliability Study, Under the Auspices of the IOC Medical Commission

Relative Body Weight and Standardised Brightness-Mode Ultrasound Measurement of Subcutaneous Fat in Athletes: An International Multicentre Reliability Study, Under the Auspices of the IOC Medical Commission

Consumer perception of boar meat as affected by labelling information, malodorous compounds and sensitivity to androstenone

Depth profiling of porcine adipose tissue by Raman spectroscopy

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