Ultrastructural characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis of new microsporidia from Siberian mosquitoes: Evidence for coevolution and host switching

Andreadis, Theodore G.; Simakova, Anastasia V.; Vossbrinck, Charles R.; Shepard, John J.; Yurchenko, Yury A.

doi:10.1016/j.jip.2011.09.011

Cited by 32 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Studies using this technique have demonstrated a significant degree of homoplasy (convergence, parallelism and reversal) among the microsporidia, which probably reflects an effect of the reduced genome size seen in these pathogenic protists. Host-parasite co-speciation may have occurred with microsporidia and has been examined in Nosema species from bees (106, 107), and in the Amblyosporidae from mosquitoes (108, 109). Several other studies have examined the phylogeny of microsporidia isolated from various host types including fish (110, 111) insects (2, 112–114) and crustaceans (115, 116).…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysis Of the Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidia: Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Within the Fungal Kingdom

2017

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Microsporidia are obligate intracellular pathogens related to Fungi. These organisms have a unique invasion organelle, the polar tube, which upon appropriate environmental stimulation rapidly discharges out of the spore, pierces a host cell’s membrane, and serves as a conduit for sporoplasm passage into the host cell. Phylogenetic analysis suggests that microsporidia are related to the Fungi, being either a basal branch or sister group. Despite the description of microsporidia over 150 years ago, we still lack an understanding of the mechanism of invasion, including the role of various polar tube proteins, spore wall proteins, and host cell proteins in the formation and function of the invasion synapse. Recent advances in ultrastructural techniques are helping to better define the formation and functioning of the invasion synapse. Over the past 2 decades, proteomic approaches have helped define polar tube proteins and spore wall proteins as well as the importance of posttranslational modifications such as glycosylation in the functioning of these proteins, but the absence of genetic techniques for the manipulation of microsporidia has hampered research on the function of these various proteins. The study of the mechanism of invasion should provide fundamental insights into the biology of these ubiquitous intracellular pathogens that can be integrated into studies aimed at treating or controlling microsporidiosis.

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Section: Phylogenetic Analysis Of the Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidia: Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Within the Fungal Kingdom

2017

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“…Studies using this technique have demonstrated a significant degree of homoplasy (convergence, parallelism and reversal) among the microsporidia, which probably reflects an effect of the reduced genome size seen in these pathogenic protists. Host-parasite co-speciation may have occurred with microsporidia and has been examined in Nosema species from bees (106, 107), and in the Amblyosporidae from mosquitoes (108,109). Several other studies have examined the phylogeny of microsporidia isolated from various host types including fish (110,111) insects (2,(112)(113)(114) and crustaceans (115,116).…”

Section: Phylogenetic Analysis Of the Microsporidiamentioning

confidence: 99%

Microsporidia: Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Within the Fungal Kingdom

Han¹,

Weiss

2017

The Fungal Kingdom

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“…Some microsporidian species have complex life cycles involving more than one host; these species tend to have a specific definitive host (Andreadis 1985, Andreadis et al 2012. Some microsporidian species have complex life cycles involving more than one host; these species tend to have a specific definitive host (Andreadis 1985, Andreadis et al 2012.…”

Section: S Y S T E N O S T R E M a A Lb A T R Ic H O N O S E M A P E mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, there is a clade of Amblyospora which infects only Culex mosquitoes, a clade which only infects Aedes/ Ochlerotatus mosquitoes, and the Parathelohania species, which infects only Anopheles mosquitoes (Andreadis et al 2012). The Amblyosporidae all infect mosquitoes (Culicidae).…”

Section: S Y S T E N O S T R E M a A Lb A T R Ic H O N O S E M A P E mentioning

confidence: 99%

Phylogeny of the Microsporidia

2014

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The microsporidia possess several apomorphic (defining) characters that distinguish them as a taxon: (i) the presence, in the spore stage, of a coiled polar filament, (ii) the posterior vacuole, (iii) the anterior polaroplast, and (iv) the diplokaryon (not present in all species). The advent of molecular analysis has radically changed how we classify the microsporidia, resulting in a major revolution in microsporidian taxonomy which includes the reassignment of many genera as well as the erection of new genera.Most modern microsporidian species descriptions include detailed microscopic and ultrastructural images, and many of the more recent descriptions also include a small subunit ribosomal DNA (ssrDNA) sequence analysis. Characters that have traditionally been used for taxonomic purposes include phenotypic, developmental, and ecological characters. While these characters provide a convenient and important means for classifying newly discovered species, the phylogenetic significance of taxonomic groupings based on these characters is not clear.With the advent of modern methods of systematics and, in particular, cladistic analysis (Hennig 1966), attempts were made to develop microsporidian phylogenies, but the significance of the characters commonly used for microsporidian classification remained elusive. The fortunate concurrent development of digital computers and DNA sequencing technology allowed for the analysis of microsporidian relationships using hundreds of characters each with four distinct character states. The use of molecular data for phylogenetic analyses has resulted in new insight into the relationships within and among most taxa, including the microsporidia.We have always thought that the logical way to integrate DNA sequence data and other characters used for microsporidian classification is to create molecular phylogenies of the microsporidia and then to place the nonmolecular data upon the tree (Baker et al. 1994) (Fig. 6.1). A complete analysis will be a monumental effort, but viewing a phylogeny with the nonmolecular characters added would help understand the evolution of the microsporidia, including the loss and gain of alternate hosts, host switching, loss and gain of sexual recombination, use of the pansporoblastic membrane, changes in the numbers of coils in the polar filament versus tissues infected, strategies of generalist versus specialist parasites, and changes in genome size and composition.When we add nonmolecular characters to a molecular phylogeny of the microsporidia, we see a lot of homoplasy (convergence, parallelism, and reversal). It is likely that the limited sizes of microsporidian genomes (Katinka et al. 2001) and the obligate parasitic nature of these organisms contribute to these homoplasies, as character states may be changing 204 Chapter 6 Phylogeny of the Microsporidia back and forth rather rapidly as the microsporidia recycle a limited number of character states in response to changes in host and host ecology. STRUCTURAL, ULTRASTRUCTURAL, AND ECOLOGICAL CHARACTERS(s...

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Ultrastructural characterization and comparative phylogenetic analysis of new microsporidia from Siberian mosquitoes: Evidence for coevolution and host switching

Cited by 32 publications

References 29 publications

Microsporidia: Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Within the Fungal Kingdom

Microsporidia: Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Within the Fungal Kingdom

Microsporidia: Obligate Intracellular Pathogens Within the Fungal Kingdom

Phylogeny of the Microsporidia

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