Ultrastructural evidence that androgen receptors are located at extranuclear sites in the rat hippocampal formation

Tabori, N.; Stewart, Lucy R.; Znamensky, Vladimir; Romeo, Russell D.; Alves, Stephen E.; McEwen, Bruce S.; Milner, Teresa A.

doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.048

Cited by 165 publications

(153 citation statements)

References 73 publications

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“…In addition to the well-studied distribution in neuronal nuclei, AR have in recent years been reported in glial cells and in extranuclear locations including the dendrites, axons and terminals of neurons (DonCarlos et al, 2003(DonCarlos et al, , 2006Lorenz et al, 2005;Milner et al, 2007;Tabori et al, 2005). Although not the focus of this study, we did notice punctate staining in the brain regions examined here that also contained nuclear AR.…”

Section: Non-nuclear Stainingsupporting

confidence: 62%

Social status and sex independently influence androgen receptor expression in the eusocial naked mole-rat brain

Holmes

Goldman

Forger

2008

Hormones and Behavior

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Naked mole-rats (Heterocephalus glaber) are eusocial rodents that live in large subterranean colonies including a single breeding female and 1-3 breeding males; all other members of the colony, known as subordinates, are reproductively suppressed. We recently found that naked mole-rats lack many of the sex differences in the brain and spinal cord commonly found in other rodents. Instead, neural morphology is influenced by breeding status, such that breeders, regardless of sex, have more neurons than subordinates in the ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus (VMH), and larger overall volumes of the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BST), paraventricular nucleus (PVN) and medial amygdala (MeA). To begin to understand how breeding status influences brain morphology, we examined the distribution of androgen receptor (AR) immunoreactivity in gonadally intact breeders and subordinates of both sexes. All animals had AR+ nuclei in many of the same regions positive for AR in other mammals, including the VMH, BST, PVN, MeA, and the ventral portion of the premammillary nucleus (PMv). We also observed diffuse labeling throughout the pre-optic area demonstrating that distribution of the AR protein in presumptive reproductive brain nuclei is wellconserved, even in a species that exhibits remarkably little sexual dimorphism. In contrast to other rodents, however, naked mole-rats lacked AR+ nuclei in the suprachiasmatic nucleus and hippocampus. Males had more AR+ nuclei in the MeA, VMH, and PMv than did females. Surprisingly, breeders had significantly fewer AR+ nuclei than subordinates in all brain regions examined (VMH, BST, PVN, MeA, and PMv). Thus, social status is strongly correlated with AR immunoreactivity in this eusocial species.

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Section: Non-nuclear Stainingsupporting

confidence: 62%

Social status and sex independently influence androgen receptor expression in the eusocial naked mole-rat brain

Holmes

Goldman

Forger

2008

Hormones and Behavior

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“…Androgen receptorimmunoreactivity (AR-IR) has been found in dendritic spines, many arising from pyramidal and granule cell dendrites. Androgen receptor-IR has also been associated with clusters of small, synaptic vesicles within preterminal axons and axon terminals [89]. Androgen receptors, like the other steroid receptor proteins, appear to have a conserved amino acid sequence for possible membrane trafficing.…”

Section: Membrane Receptorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-genomic actions of androgens

Foradori

Weiser

Handa

2008

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

412

244

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Previous work in the endocrine and neuroendocrine fields has viewed androgen receptors (AR) as a transcription factor activated by testosterone or one of its many metabolites. The bound androgen receptor acts as transcription factor and binds to specific DNA response elements in target gene promoters, causing activation or repression of transcription and subsequently protein synthesis. Over the past two decades evidence has begun to accumulate to implicate androgens, dependent or independent of the AR, in rapid actions at the cellular and organism level. Androgen's rapid time course of action; effects in the absence or inhibition of the cellular machinery necessary for transcription/translation; and/or the effects of androgens not able to translocate to the nucleus suggest a method of androgen action not initially dependent on genomic mechcanisms (i.e. non-genomic in nature). In the present paper the non-genomic effects of androgens are reviewed, along with a discussion of the possible role non-genomic androgen actions have on animal physiology and behavior.

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“…In addition to actions via AR and ERα, some behavioral effects of steroids are mediated through ERβ receptors [15]. At the cellular level, steroids are not limited to transcriptional effects on DNA [166]. Instead, steroids have actions in the cytoplasm and at the plasma membrane to modify kinase activity, ion channels, and Gprotein second-messenger systems [19].…”

Section: • This Is Your Brain On Steroids: Central Targets Of Aas Actionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence? Insights from animals and humans

Wood

2008

Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology

136

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Anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are drugs of abuse. They are taken in large quantities by athletes and others to increase performance, with negative health consequences. As a result, in 1991 testosterone and related AAS were declared controlled substances. However, the relative abuse and dependence liability of AAS have not been fully characterized. In humans, it is difficult to separate the direct psychoactive effects of AAS from reinforcement due to their systemic anabolic effects. However, using conditioned place preference and self-administration, studies in animals have demonstrated that AAS are reinforcing in a context where athletic performance is irrelevant. Furthermore, AAS share brain sites of action and neurotransmitter systems in common with other drugs of abuse. In particular, recent evidence links AAS with opioids. In humans, AAS abuse is associated with prescription opioid use. In animals, AAS overdose produces symptoms resembling opioid overdose, and AAS modify the activity of the endogenous opioid system. KeywordsAnabolic agents; Testosterone; self-administration; hamsters; drug dependence • Breakfast of champions: Recent history and prevalence of AAS useAnabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) are a hot topic. A search of the Google news archive in March 2007 reveals 47,500 news stories on "steroids" in 2006, a 400% increase since their debut in the archive in 2002. In 2006, "steroids" even surpassed trend-setters such as "Paris Hilton" (38,500 stories) or "spinach" (42,700 stories). Current media attention on AAS abuse has been driven by accusations of steroid use among professional athletes in baseball, track, and cycling. However, public recognition of AAS use in sports dates back nearly 20 years, when Ben Johnson tested positive for stanozolol at the Seoul Olympics in 1988 [77]. Eastern Block athletes had been using steroids since the 1950's, and the International Olympic Committee banned steroid use from Olympic competition in 1976. However, the ability to reliably detect androgen metabolites in urine samples was limited until the advent of gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy [89]. Johnson's drug test spurred the United States Congress to pass the Anabolic Steroid Control Act of 1991 which declared steroids as Address all reprint requests and correspondence to Ruth I. Wood, Department of Cell and Neurobiology, Keck School of Medicine at the University of Southern California, 1333 San Pablo St., BMT 401, Los Angeles, CA 90033. Telephone (323) 442-1980, Fax: (323) 442-3466, e-mail: riw@usc.edu. Publisher's Disclaimer: This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final citable form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain....

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Ultrastructural evidence that androgen receptors are located at extranuclear sites in the rat hippocampal formation

Cited by 165 publications

References 73 publications

Social status and sex independently influence androgen receptor expression in the eusocial naked mole-rat brain

Social status and sex independently influence androgen receptor expression in the eusocial naked mole-rat brain

Non-genomic actions of androgens

Anabolic–androgenic steroid dependence? Insights from animals and humans

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