Ultrastructural observations of mitochondrial morphology through the life cycle of the brown alga, Mutiomo cylindricus (Cutleriaceae, Tilopteridales)

Abstract

Mitochondrial morphology varies according to development and the physiological conditions of the cell. Here, we performed electron tomography using serial sections to analyze the number, individual volume, and morphological complexity of mitochondria in the cells across two generations in the life cycle of the brown alga Mutimo cylindricus. This species shows a heteromorphic alternation of generations between the macroscopic gametophyte and the crustose sporophyte during its life cycle and displays anisogamous sexual reproduction. We observed the mitochondria in the vegetative cells of gametophytes and sporophytes to mainly show tubular or discoidal shapes with high morphological complexity. The morphology of the mitochondria in the male and female gametes changed to a nearly spherical or oval shape from a tubular or discoidal shape before release. In this species, degradation of the paternal mitochondria was observed in the zygote 2 h after fertilization. Morphological changes in the mitochondria were not observed until 6 h after fertilization. Twenty-four-hour-old zygotes before and after cytokinesis showed a similar number of mitochondria as six-hour-old zygotes; however, the volume and morphological complexity increased. The results indicated that the maternal mitochondria did not undergo fission or fusion until this stage. Based on the analysis results of the number and total volume of mitochondria before and after the release of the gametes, it is possible that the mitochondria in the female gametes fuse immediately before release.

Evolution and maintenance of mtDNA gene content across eukaryotes

“…Multicellular algae can have relatively complex developmental plans, somewhat reminiscent of plants, that could conceivably harbour comparable segregation processes (Theodorou & Charrier, 2023). In an interesting parallel to the case of green plants above, ultrastructural analysis has found mitochondria in a brown alga to be generally fragmented except in female gametophytes (perhaps analogous to the reticulated mitochondria in the plant shoot apical meristem) (Shen et al, 2022).…”