Ultrastructural study of the mature egg of the marine sponge <i>Stelletta grubii</i> (porifera demospongiae)

Sciscioli, Margherita; Liaci, L. Scalera; Lepore, Elene; Gherardi, Miriam; Simpson, Tracy L.

doi:10.1002/mrd.1080280406

Cited by 38 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The presence of a perinuclear Golgi apparatus suggests its participation in the making of reserve material, although the separation of the small vesicles was not visible. The occurrence of a perinuclear Golgi apparatus has been commonly observed in the eggs of several sponge species (Diaz et al, 1975;Gallissian & Vacelet, 1976;Aisenstadt & Korotkova, 1976;Gallissian, 1981;Sciscioli et al, 1991Sciscioli et al, , 1994.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The Spirophorida, the order in which Cinachyra tarentina (Pulitzer-Finali, 1983) is classified, is well defined and quite different in several morphological and biological characters from the other Tetractinomorpha of the order of Astrophorida. Light microscopy of the Astrophorida has highlighted the seasonal timing of reproduction, sexual condition, and release of eggs or larvae (Liaci & Sciscioli, 1967;Scalera-Liaci & Sciscioli, 1969, 1970Scalera-Liaci et al, 1971a, b), while ultrastructural analysis has defined the egg structure and the vitellogenic process (Diaz et al, 1975;Lévi & Lévi, 1976;Gaino, 1980;Gaino et al, 1987;Sciscioli et al, 1991Sciscioli et al, , 1994. In contrast, the sexual reproduction of Spirophorida is poorly documented, the only studied species being Tetilla sp.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Sexual reproduction ofCinachyra tarentina(porifera, demospongiae)

Lepore

Sciscioli

Liaci

et al. 2000

Italian Journal of Zoology

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The sexual reproductive cycle of the Tetractinomorpha Spirophorida Cinachyra tarentina was studied mainly using light microscopy on samples collected in South Italy over a 2-year period. Some aspects of the egg morphology were observed using transmission electron microscopy. Each year, young oocytes in previtellogenesis appeared in May and coexisted with growing oocytes. Yolk-filled eggs were present in June and July. Oogenesis preceded spermatogenesis which occurred only in June. Cinachyra tarentina is an oviparous species having small eggs ranging from 40 to 50 pm in diameter which are scattered in the mesohyl and have a nucleolated nucleus surrounded by dictyosomes of the Golgi apparatus. Growing oocytes and yolk-filled eggs have an irregular surface because of the presence of numerous pseudopodia which protrude into the mesohyl. Even though apparently gonochoric individuals were mostly observed, the rare specimens with sperm clusters and young oocytes proved the occurrence of successive hermaphroditism as an underlying mechanism. Some aspects of the reproductive biology of C. tarentina are compared with that of other Tetractinomorpha.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sexual reproduction ofCinachyra tarentina(porifera, demospongiae)

Lepore

Sciscioli

Liaci

et al. 2000

Italian Journal of Zoology

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“…Sexual reproduction in sponges involves either vivipary (where larvae are brooded within the animal) or ovipary (whereby eggs, generally fertilized externally, develop outside the sponge). Evidence for vertical transmission of bacteria has been reported for both types (97,116,118,181,362,419,422,431), while asexual reproduction, i.e., budding, could also contribute to symbiont transfer in some species (146). Indeed, gemmules, the asexual buds of freshwater sponges, contain symbiotic zoochlorellae in at least some species (372), while a bud protruding from the surface of the marine sponge Tethya orphei contained a symbiotic cyanobacterium (117).…”

Section: Ecological Aspects: From Single Cells To the Global Scale Esmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sponge-Associated Microorganisms: Evolution, Ecology, and Biotechnological Potential

Taylor

Radax

Steger

et al. 2007

Microbiol Mol Biol Rev

1,292

1,512

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SUMMARY Marine sponges often contain diverse and abundant microbial communities, including bacteria, archaea, microalgae, and fungi. In some cases, these microbial associates comprise as much as 40% of the sponge volume and can contribute significantly to host metabolism (e.g., via photosynthesis or nitrogen fixation). We review in detail the diversity of microbes associated with sponges, including extensive 16S rRNA-based phylogenetic analyses which support the previously suggested existence of a sponge-specific microbiota. These analyses provide a suitable vantage point from which to consider the potential evolutionary and ecological ramifications of these widespread, sponge-specific microorganisms. Subsequently, we examine the ecology of sponge-microbe associations, including the establishment and maintenance of these sometimes intimate partnerships, the varied nature of the interactions (ranging from mutualism to host-pathogen relationships), and the broad-scale patterns of symbiont distribution. The ecological and evolutionary importance of sponge-microbe associations is mirrored by their enormous biotechnological potential: marine sponges are among the animal kingdom's most prolific producers of bioactive metabolites, and in at least some cases, the compounds are of microbial rather than sponge origin. We review the status of this important field, outlining the various approaches (e.g., cultivation, cell separation, and metagenomics) which have been employed to access the chemical wealth of sponge-microbe associations.

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“…Later, in 1976, Lévi and Lévi (30) studied the transmission of bacteria in the sponge Chondrosia reniformis via sponge oocytes. Since then, vertical transmission of bacterial symbionts via eggs or larvae has been documented for several sponge species, including Tethya citrina (15), Geodia cydonium (50), Stelletta grubii (49), Hippospongia sp. (25), Spongia sp.…”

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confidence: 99%

Evidence for Vertical Transmission of Bacterial Symbionts from Adult to Embryo in the Caribbean SpongeSvenzea zeai

Lee

Chui

Wong

et al. 2009

Appl Environ Microbiol

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The Caribbean reef sponge Svenzea zeai was previously found to contain substantial quantities of unicellular photosynthetic and autotrophic microbes in its tissues, but the identities of these symbionts and their method of transfer from adult to progeny are largely unknown. In this study, both a 16S rRNA gene-based fingerprinting technique (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis [DGGE]) and clone library analysis were applied to compare the bacterial communities associated with adults and embryos of S. zeai to test the hypothesis of vertical transfer across generations. In addition, the same techniques were applied to the bacterial community from the seawater adjacent to adult sponges to test the hypothesis that water column bacteria could be transferred horizontally as sponge symbionts. Results of both DGGE and clone library analysis support the vertical transfer hypothesis in that the bacterial communities associated with sponge adults and embryos were highly similar to each other but completely different from those in the surrounding seawater. Sequencing of prominent DGGE bands and of clones from the libraries revealed that the bacterial communities associated with the sponge, whether adult or embryo, consisted of a large proportion of bacteria in the phyla Chloroflexi and Acidobacteria, while most of the sequences recovered from the community in the adjacent water column belonged to the class Alphaproteobacteria. Altogether, 21 monophyletic sequence clusters, comprising sequences from both sponge adults and embryos but not from the seawater, were identified. More than half of the sponge-derived sequences fell into these clusters. Comparison of sequences recovered in this study with those deposited in GenBank revealed that more than 75% of S. zeai-derived sequences were closely related to sequences derived from other sponge species, but none of the sequences recovered from the seawater column overlapped with those from adults or embryos of S. zeai. In conclusion, there is strong evidence that a dominant proportion of sponge-specific bacteria present in the tissues of S. zeai are maintained through vertical transfer during embryogenesis rather than through acquisition from the environment (horizontal transfer).Besides being the oldest metazoans, sponges are the simplest multicellular animals and possess a low degree of tissue differentiation and coordination (54). Sponges are sessile, filter-feeding organisms that may harbor within their tissues a remarkable array of microorganisms, including bacteria (19, 59, 64), archaea (41), zooxanthellae (22), diatoms (63), and fungi (35). In some cases, microbial consortia can make up to 40 to 60% of the sponge tissue volume (21, 61) and exceed a density of 10 9 microbial cells per ml of sponge tissue (62), which is several orders of magnitude higher than that found in seawater. Apart from being a source of food (43), bacterial symbionts may participate in the acquisition and transfer of nutrients inside sponges (67, 68), the recycling of insoluble protein (69), the sta...

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Ultrastructural study of the mature egg of the marine sponge Stelletta grubii (porifera demospongiae)

Cited by 38 publications

References 7 publications

Sexual reproduction ofCinachyra tarentina(porifera, demospongiae)

Sexual reproduction ofCinachyra tarentina(porifera, demospongiae)

Sponge-Associated Microorganisms: Evolution, Ecology, and Biotechnological Potential

Evidence for Vertical Transmission of Bacterial Symbionts from Adult to Embryo in the Caribbean SpongeSvenzea zeai

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