Ultrastructure, adaptability, and alleviation mechanisms of photosynthetic apparatus in plants under waterlogging: A review

Abstract

Highlights• Photosynthesis in plants is seriously hampered by waterlogging • Waterlogging drastically affects PSII in plant leaves • Plants alleviate waterlogging through physiological, biochemical, and molecular adaptations

Predicting carob tree physiological parameters under different irrigation systems using Random Forest and Planet satellite images

“…The sharp decrease of gs found in mid-June could be explained by an asphyxia condition caused by soil flooding (as shown in the results section, a large amount of rainfall fell in May and June), in fact a reduction in oxygen concentration in the root zone could determine a rapid decline of gs (Smith et al, 1989;Barickman et al, 2019). Nevertheless, waterlogging could also affect the activity of photosynthetic enzymes, resulting in decreased Pn (Sharma et al, 2021b); during the above-mentioned period, as explained, a reduction of gs was recorded, but Pn had a peak, probably due to the optimal high temperatures recorded in the first part June and the rainfall occurred before the waterlogging; moreover, the negative effects of waterlogging might be manifested more gradually on Pn than gs (Yordanova and Popova, 2007), in fact, a sharp decline of Pn was observed at the end of June, when, on the other hand, gs had recovered, maybe due to high temperatures and no precipitations in the second part of June, resulting in evaporation of the water from the soil and then better conditions of the root system. However, based on the current knowledge it is not possible to determine with accuracy the temporal dynamics of the effects of waterlogging specifically on carob trees.…”

Chlorophyll a fluorescence as a tool to monitor physiological status in the leaves of Artemisia ordosica under root cutting conditions

“…The rapid ChlF test was developed specifically as a biophysical tool for evaluating the cascade of chloroplast redox reactions at microsecond or millisecond scales (Kalaji et al, 2016;Esmaeilizadeh et al, 2021;Sharma et al, 2021;Shamsabad et al, 2022a;Sieczko et al, 2022;Dabrowski et al, 2023). The link between the physiological condition of samples and the fluorescence transient has also been the subject of important empirical research in the past, including demonstrating the direct or indirect association between the physiological state of leaves and ChlF transients.…”

Root Adaptation Traits under Water Logging Conditions

“…[11] It can also be defined as the condition in which soil contains excessive water and limits the flow of gases found in the soil pores. [12,2].…”

“…The main reasons responsible for the occurrence of the waterlogging is accumulation of water over the top layer of soil due to poor drainage system of the field and extreme rainfall events. Events of waterlogging conditions are expected to increase due to heavy and unpredictable rainfall patterns [14,2].…”

“…The major shift is seen in the rainfall patterns that have been unpredictable leading to exposure of a plant to severe abiotic stress, flooding (either submergence or waterlogging) being one of them and is caused by increase in the frequency and the quantity of the rainfall occurring over a period of time due to change in the climatic conditions. [1,2] Agriculture around the globe is affected by the rising incidence of adverse weather conditions that is majorly accelerated by global warming leading to extreme events that alter water availability in the layers of the soil, altogether being big threats to food security [3] and this effect of climate change affect the agriculture sector globally as agronomic crop production is highly sensitive to extreme weather conditions.…”