Ultratrace detection of C-reactive protein by a piezoelectric immunosensor based on Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic capture nanoprobes and HRP-antibody co-immobilized nano gold as signal tags

Critical overview on the application of sensors and biosensors for clinical analysis

“…However, these techniques require pretreatment and labelling, and are time consuming, for use in practical clinical routine. Thus, biosensors have been considered for the rapid detection of cardiac biomarkers due to their miniaturization, portability, flexibility and sensitivity [86,87].…”

“…In Table 2, some recent works reporting biosensors for the detection of CRP, cardiac troponins, NT-proBNP and myoglobin in serum samples are listed. Most of these studies reported using nanomaterials or a combination of nanomaterials and composites, mainly due to their large surface area and good biocompatibility, which enhanced the analytical performance of these biosensors [87]. For example, Ibupoto et al [84], Zhou et al [87] and Justino et al [88] ZnO nanotubes, Fe3O4-SiO2 magnetic nanoprobes and SWCNTs as labels to immobilize antibodies in immunosensors for CRP detection.…”

“…Most of these studies reported using nanomaterials or a combination of nanomaterials and composites, mainly due to their large surface area and good biocompatibility, which enhanced the analytical performance of these biosensors [87]. For example, Ibupoto et al [84], Zhou et al [87] and Justino et al [88] ZnO nanotubes, Fe3O4-SiO2 magnetic nanoprobes and SWCNTs as labels to immobilize antibodies in immunosensors for CRP detection. At levels exceeding 3 mg L −1 , CRP, an acute-phase protein, is used to evaluate the risk of developing CVDs such as atherosclerosis, angina, coronary heart disease, peripheral artery disease, myocardial infarction and stroke.…”

Disposable integrated bismuth citrate-modified screen-printed immunosensor for ultrasensitive quantum dot-based electrochemical assay of C-reactive protein in human serum

“…However, these approaches require costly instrumentation and their sensitivity is low often result in a lengthy turnaround time. Surface plasmon resonance [3,4], piezoelectric [5], fluorescence [6], and electrochemical techniques [7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14] have also been developed during the past few years for the quantification of CRP. Among these techniques, electrochemical immunoassays have M A N U S C R I P T A C C E P T E D ACCEPTED MANUSCRIPT 3 received much attention thanks to their high sensitivity, flexibility and low−cost.…”

A novel sandwich-type noncompetitive immunoassay of diethylstilbestrol using β-cyclodextrin modified electrode and polymer–enzyme labels

“…are unconductive, which can hesitate the current signal on the electrode. However, the ECI sensor using double antibody sandwich-type ELISA can overcome such above drawbacks, because it has two recognition steps for the targets by two antibodies [13,14]. Moreover, it is a signal-on method.…”