Ultraviolet and visible light spectrophotometric approach to blood typing: objective analysis by agglutination index

Abstract

The method accurately predicted A, B, and O blood groups, and D type in over 275 samples. Scattering theory-based calculations of relative volumes of red cells before and after agglutination show a direct correlation with the agglutination index and provide the theoretical basis of the analysis. This quantitative technique is reproducible and has the potential for automation.

UV‐visible spectrophotometric approach to blood typing II: phenotyping of subtype A2 and weak D and whole blood analysis

“…This change is quantified by the AI, which is numerically related to the slope of the spectra in the region of 600 to 1000 nm. Our previous work 6 had shown that AIs above an empirical threshold value of 17 consistently indicated type‐specific antibody reaction and that larger values of AI indicated greater antibody induced agglutination. The large AI in the case of blood group A in the presence of anti‐A (AI = 54.7) and the low AI in the presence of anti‐B (AI = –3.4) demonstrates that the method is effective even when applied to whole blood samples (Table 1).…”

“…The plasma background was automatically subtracted from the test sample spectrum by the instrument. Note that the proportion of plasma has been increased from our originally reported procedure 6 (from equal proportions of plasma and reagent RBCs to three parts to one part, respectively).…”

“…This can lead to testing results indicating no type determined. The recently developed UV and/or visible spectroscopic blood‐typing method 6 was examined for its ability to determine ABO and Rh subtypes. Additionally, the typing protocol was extended to allow the use of whole blood samples without separating the plasma and RBCs.…”

“…Although initial studies of the previously reported reverse typing method yielded acceptable results, 6 examination of larger numbers of samples showed that it was necessary to modify the procedure so as to allow the accurate assessment of samples with low titers of naturally occurring anti‐A, anti‐B, and anti‐AB. Hence, conditions that would yield consistent reverse typing results by using the AI over a broad range of samples were defined.…”

An integrated fiberoptic–microfluidic device for agglutination detection and blood typing

“…Recently, an ultraviolet (UV) and visible light spectrophotometric approach for objectively quantifying red blood cell agglutination has been proposed (Narayanan et al 1999(Narayanan et al , 2002. In this method, blood groups and types are determined by comparing the optical density spectra obtained between 665 and 1,000 nm.…”