Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation: Future Directions for Air Disinfection and Building Applications

Miller, Shelly L.; Linnes, Jacqueline C.; Luongo, Julia C.

doi:10.1111/php.12080

Cited by 50 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…However, UV germicidal irradiation (UVGI) has potential safety concerns if the room occupants are exposed to high-energy light. For this reason, UVGI is safely installed in mechanical ventilation paths or in upper-room applications to indirectly treat air through convective air movement (88,89). More recently, far-UVC light in the 207-to 222-nm range has been demonstrated to effectively inactivate airborne aerosolized viruses.…”

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confidence: 99%

2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission

et al. 2020

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With the rapid spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that results in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), corporate entities, federal, state, county, and city governments, universities, school districts, places of worship, prisons, health care facilities, assisted living organizations, daycares, homeowners, and other building owners and occupants have an opportunity to reduce the potential for transmission through built environment (BE)-mediated pathways. Over the last decade, substantial research into the presence, abundance, diversity, function, and transmission of microbes in the BE has taken place and revealed common pathogen exchange pathways and mechanisms. In this paper, we synthesize this microbiology of the BE research and the known information about SARS-CoV-2 to provide actionable and achievable guidance to BE decision makers, building operators, and all indoor occupants attempting to minimize infectious disease transmission through environmentally mediated pathways. We believe this information is useful to corporate and public administrators and individuals responsible for building operations and environmental services in their decision-making process about the degree and duration of social-distancing measures during viral epidemics and pandemics.

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confidence: 99%

2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission

et al. 2020

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“…This kind of lamp is low-pressure mercury (Hg) and are 30% efficient at converting input power to UVC at 253.7 nm. 36 Currently, and owing to its wider application ranges, there is a need for UVC light to be emitted from lamps or devices containing non-toxic materials with better efficiency and lower costs to make them more affordable, owing to the potential risks of mercury lamps being broken and exposing its hazardous material to the environment. In this context, light-emitting diode (LED) and xenon lamps have gained prominence.…”

Section: Uv Light Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this context, light-emitting diode (LED) and xenon lamps have gained prominence. 36 A UVC LED has been tested in a single-pass flow-through device. Unfortunately, the LED is very inefficient at producing UVC radiation (0.3%).…”

Section: Uv Light Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, arrays of LEDs can be more efficient and produce the expected inactivation. 36 The xenon lamp emits a peak wavelength at 240 nm. This lamp can have a total emission of 10 W of which approximately 1.4 W is UVC radiation.…”

Section: Uv Light Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This lamp is a non-toxic alternative to mercury but it produces ozone, which is a strong oxidant and toxic air pollutant. 36 Thus, more research needs to be done in order to improve LED efficiency and/or discover others sources of UV light. 36…”

Section: Uv Light Sourcesmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Can biowarfare agents be defeated with light?

et al. 2013

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Biological warfare and bioterrorism is an unpleasant fact of 21st century life. Highly infectious and profoundly virulent diseases may be caused in combat personnel or in civilian populations by the appropriate dissemination of viruses, bacteria, spores, fungi, or toxins. Dissemination may be airborne, waterborne, or by contamination of food or surfaces. Countermeasures may be directed toward destroying or neutralizing the agents outside the body before infection has taken place, by destroying the agents once they have entered the body before the disease has fully developed, or by immunizing susceptible populations against the effects. A range of light-based technologies may have a role to play in biodefense countermeasures. Germicidal UV (UVC) is exceptionally active in destroying a wide range of viruses and microbial cells, and recent data suggests that UVC has high selectivity over host mammalian cells and tissues. Two UVA mediated approaches may also have roles to play; one where UVA is combined with titanium dioxide nanoparticles in a process called photocatalysis, and a second where UVA is combined with psoralens (PUVA) to produce “killed but metabolically active” microbial cells that may be particularly suitable for vaccines. Many microbial cells are surprisingly sensitive to blue light alone, and blue light can effectively destroy bacteria, fungi, and Bacillus spores and can treat wound infections. The combination of photosensitizing dyes such as porphyrins or phenothiaziniums and red light is called photodynamic therapy (PDT) or photoinactivation, and this approach cannot only kill bacteria, spores, and fungi, but also inactivate viruses and toxins. Many reports have highlighted the ability of PDT to treat infections and stimulate the host immune system. Finally pulsed (femtosecond) high power lasers have been used to inactivate pathogens with some degree of selectivity. We have pointed to some of the ways light-based technology may be used to defeat biological warfare in the future.

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Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection

Lin

Lim

Ke-min

et al. 2020

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Viral epidemics develop from the emergence of new variants of infectious viruses. The lack of effective antiviral treatments for the new viral infections coupled with rapid community spread of the infection often result in major human and financial loss. Viral transmissions can occur via close human‐to‐human contact or via contacting a contaminated surface. Thus, careful disinfection or sanitization is essential to curtail viral spread. A myriad of disinfectants/sanitizing agents/biocidal agents are available that can inactivate viruses, but their effectiveness is dependent upon many factors such as concentration of agent, reaction time, temperature, and organic load. In this work, we review common commercially available disinfectants agents available on the market and evaluate their effectiveness under various application conditions. In addition, this work also seeks to debunk common myths about viral inactivation and highlight new exciting advances in the development of potential sanitizing agents.

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Ultraviolet Germicidal Irradiation: Future Directions for Air Disinfection and Building Applications

Cited by 50 publications

References 20 publications

2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission

2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Pandemic: Built Environment Considerations To Reduce Transmission

Can biowarfare agents be defeated with light?

Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection

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