Ultraviolet irradiation inactivates the waterborne infective stages of Myxobolus cerebralis: a treatment for hatchery water supplies

Hedrick, Ronald P.; McDowell, T. S.; Marty, Gary D.; Mukkatira, Kaveramma; Antonio, D. B.; Andrée, Karl B.; Bukhari, Zia; Clancy, Tim

doi:10.3354/dao042053

Cited by 41 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…For example, the myxospores of M. cerebralis remain viable following exposure to temperatures ranging from −20 to +60°C (Hoffman and Markiw 1977) and digestion by piscivores (Hoffman and Putz 1969;El-Matbouli and Hoffmann 1991;Koel et al 2010). Recent investigations, however, have indicated that M. cerebralis myxospores lose their infectivity after ultraviolet irradiation or complete desiccation (Hedrick et al 2008) (in contradiction to previous reports; Hedrick et al 2000). Myxospore viability likely varies considerably among species.…”

Section: Myxospore Dispersal and Annelid Host Encountercontrasting

confidence: 44%

Annelid-Myxosporean Interactions

Alexander

Kerans

El‐Matbouli

et al. 2015

Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development

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This chapter provides an overview of the diversity of annelids parasitized by myxosporeans in both marine and freshwater systems and reviews the interactions between myxosporeans and their annelid hosts during the socalled actinospore phase of the myxosporean life cycle. Both host and environmental factors can influence infection. Our chapter examines these influences from the initial infection of annelids through to the release of spores infectious to fish. Topics covered include how myxosoporean infections may relate to the trophic ecology of annelid hosts and what factors may influence dispersal and increase encounter rates of infectious spores with hosts. We also review the little that is known about annelidmyxosporean interactions, focusing on patterns of host specificity, host susceptibility and host immune defenses. Finally, we examine development within and effects on annelid hosts. To illustrate these interactions we draw primarily on examples from the relatively well-studied freshwater salmon parasites Myxobolus cerebralis and Ceratonova shasta, and interactions with their respective annelid hosts.

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Section: Myxospore Dispersal and Annelid Host Encountercontrasting

confidence: 44%

Annelid-Myxosporean Interactions

Alexander

Kerans

El‐Matbouli

et al. 2015

Myxozoan Evolution, Ecology and Development

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“…These include ozone treatment (Williams et al 1982, Horsch 1987, ultraviolet irradiation (Hoffman 1974, 1975, Hedrick et al 2000 and chemical treatment of soils in ponds with calcium oxide, calcium cyanamide, or chlorine or calcium hypochlorite (Hoffman 1990). While these approaches may be effective in some cases, they can be cost-prohibitive or prone to failure if electrical power is interrupted.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Efficacy of passive sand filtration in reducing exposure of salmonids to the actinospore of Myxobolus cerebralis

Nehring

Thompson²,

Taurman³

et al. 2003

Dis. Aquat. Org.

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The aquatic oligochaete Tubifex tubifex parasitized by Myxobolus cerebralis releases triactinomyxon (TAM) actinospores that can infect some species of salmonids and cause salmonid whirling disease. Silica sand was tested as a filtration medium for removal of TAMs from water containing the parasite. Laboratory tests indicated sand filtration removed > 99.99% of TAMs. In 2 different field tests, groups of 1 mo old rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss were exposed for 2 wk to filtered and unfiltered water from a spring-fed pond enzootic for M. cerebralis. In November 2000, the exposure dose was estimated as between 3 and 5 TAMs fish . Fish were held for 6 mo post exposure (p.e.) in laboratory aquaria for observation and evidence of clinical signs of whirling disease. We used 4 diagnostic techniques to assess the prevalence and severity of infection by M. cerebralis among fish exposed to filtered and unfiltered water. These included polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for genomic DNA of the parasite, histological evaluation for tissue damage, tissue digestion for quantification of cranial myxospores of the parasite, and total non-sampling mortality that occurred over 6 mo p.e. All diagnostic tests verified that the prevalence and severity of infection was significantly reduced among fish in treatment groups exposed to filtered water compared to those exposed to unfiltered water in both the low-dose and high-dose exposures. KEY WORDS: Salmonid whirling disease · Myxobolus cerebralis · Sand filtration Resale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisherDis Aquat Org 57: [77][78][79][80][81][82][83] 2003 thesized that the large size of the TAM might facilitate its removal from small amounts of flowing water using a silica-sand-based passive filtration system. Indeed, passive sand filtration for removal of various waterborne pathogens has been in use in England, Germany and the eastern United States since the 1800s (Hazen 1913, Bellamy et al. 1985. A passive flow-through mechanical filtration system could be useful for removal of TAMs from the small volumes of water needed to augment water supplies for aquaculture or from effluents of earth-bottom ponds contaminated with the parasite.In 1995, Myxobolus cerebralis infections were detected in Age 1 (16 mo old) wild rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss in the Fryingpan River drainage in central Colorado. By 1998, the abundance of Age 1 rainbow trout had declined 90% from the levels observed in 1994 (Nehring & Thompson 2001). Water filtration studies as described by Thompson & Nehring (2000) were conducted throughout the drainage from August 1998 through August 2002 to identify potential sources of TAMs responsible for the M. cerebralis infections in Age 1 wild rainbow trout in the river. The water filtration studies provided strong empirical evidence that the effluent emanating from a series of private fish ponds was the primary source of TAMs flowing into the Fryingpan River. The pond discharge flowed into the river 15 km upstream of the lower...

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“…Cipriano [64] also noted that standard iodophor disinfection is ineffective, and experimentally showed that even triplicate iodophor treatments did not eliminate F. psychrophilum within the egg. Non-chemical disinfection is also possible, although Hedrick et al [169] noted that ultraviolet doses of 42 mWs/cm 2 do not kill F. psychrophilum, and that higher doses of 126 or 256 mWs/cm 2 are required.…”

Section: Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Flavobacterium Psychrophilum Biology, Clinical Signs, and Bacterial Cold Water Disease Prevention and Treat

Barnes¹

2011

TOFISHSJ

110

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Bacterial coldwater disease and other infections caused by Flavobacterium psychrophilum are a worldwide concern, particularly for freshwater salmonid hatcheries. F. psychrophilum infections can be difficult to control; antibiotic resistance is common and no effective vaccines are currently available. This review summarizes the biology and characteristics of this important pathogen, as well as the techniques required for isolation and identification. In addition, the epidemiology, clinical signs, treatment, and possible preventative measures of bacterial coldwater disease are discussed.

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Ultraviolet irradiation inactivates the waterborne infective stages of Myxobolus cerebralis: a treatment for hatchery water supplies

Cited by 41 publications

References 21 publications

Annelid-Myxosporean Interactions

Annelid-Myxosporean Interactions

Efficacy of passive sand filtration in reducing exposure of salmonids to the actinospore of Myxobolus cerebralis

A Review of Flavobacterium Psychrophilum Biology, Clinical Signs, and Bacterial Cold Water Disease Prevention and Treat

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