Ultraviolet Radiation: A Hazard to Children and Adolescents

Balk, Sophie J.

doi:10.1542/peds.2010-3502

Cited by 252 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 178 publications

(183 reference statements)

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“…Besides beneficial effects of UV radiation (generation of vitamin D), overexposure to it can cause acute (e.g., erythema, photokeratitis) and chronic (e.g., skin aging, melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, cortical cataract) skin and ocular diseases [3,4]. In addition, "exposure to UVR contributes to immunosuppression, which is increasingly recognized as important in the development of skin cancer" [4]. Exposure to BL (300-700 nm with a 438 nm peak) could damage retina causing photoretinitis ("blue-light hazard") [5].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiological safety of the recently introduced energy efficient household lamps

Necz

Bakos

2014

IJOMEH

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Objectives: Nowadays more and more newly introduced light sources (tungsten-halogen, compact fluorescent (CFL) and light-emitting diode (LED) lamps) are used in households. It is important to know whether their radiation poses any possible risk for human health or not. These light sources emit optical radiation not solely in the visible spectrum. Other bands emitted by these sources, i.e., ultraviolet and infrared, are potentially hazardous for human health. The visible light, especially the blue light, could also damage human retina. The purpose of this study was to determine the ultraviolet (UV) and blue light (BL) emissions from halogen bulbs, CFLs and LED lamps, and to evaluate them from the point of view of possible health risks for general public. Material and Methods: The exposure of UV and BL emissions from 19 types of CFLs, 11 types of halogen lamps and 4 types of LED lamps produced by different manufacturers were measured at 200 mm distance from the source. Results: The exposures to UV and BL were below the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) exposure limits in spite of the very conservative assumption of the assessment. Conclusions: Results of this study indicate that the UV and BL radiation from the newly introduced lamps does not exceed the current exposure limit values and thus, in comparison with the former incandescent bulbs, does not result in a higher risk for general public.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Photobiological safety of the recently introduced energy efficient household lamps

Necz

Bakos

2014

IJOMEH

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“…The American Academy of Ophthalmology suggests that sunglasses should block 99% of all UVR [115]. Other major US visual health organizations recommend that sunglasses absorb 97% to 100% of UVR [10,115,116]. Unfortunately, the public currently has little concern about eye protection [117,118].…”

Section: Physical Photoprotectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…which may contribute to development of cancerous cells in the context of active cell proliferation [10,11]. In addition to this, UVR creates mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor gene [12].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Role of Ultraviolet Radiation in the Ocular System of Mammals

et al. 2014

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Abstract:With decreasing levels of ozone in the atmosphere, we are being exposed to higher levels of ultraviolet radiation (UVR) than ever before. UVR carries higher energy than visible light, and its effects on tissues include DNA damage, gene mutations, immunosuppression, oxidative stress and inflammatory responses. In the eye, UVR is strongly associated with the development of basal and squamous cell carcinoma of the eyelid, pterygium, photokeratitis, climatic droplet keratopathy, ocular surface squamous neoplasia, cataracts, and uveal melanoma, and is weakly associated with age-related macular degeneration. Despite overwhelming evidence regarding the deleterious effects on UVR, public health measures to encourage UV protection of the eyes is generally lacking. Options for photoprotection include sunglasses, wide brim hats, windshields, plastic films for side windows in cars, UV blocking contact lenses, and following the UV Index report daily. The American National Standards Institute currently has regulations regarding properties of UV blocking sunglasses; however, compliance in the US is not mandatory. On the other hand, UVR does have therapeutic applications in the eye, particularly, riboflavin activated by ultraviolet A light (UVA) radiation is used clinically to slow the progression of keratoconus, post-LASIK keratectasia, and bullous keratopathy by crosslinking corneal collagen fibers. OPEN ACCESSPhotonics 2014, 1 348 Additionally, riboflavin activated by UVA has been shown to have antibacterial, antiviral, and antiparasitic effects. This is clinically relevant in the treatment of infectious keratitis. Finally, exposure to low levels of light in the UV spectrum has been found to regulate the growth of the eye and lack of adequate exposure may increase the risk of development and progression of myopia.

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“…55,56 The American Academy of Dermatology, the Skin Cancer Foundation, the American Academy of Pediatrics, and other experts on the relationship between skin cancer and indoor tanning have urged the FDA to reconsider the classification. [57][58][59][60] In light of the WHO's designation of tanning devices as known carcinogens, a Class I designation may no longer be appropriate.…”

Section: Federal Environmental and Systems Efforts In The Usmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preventing Skin Cancer Through Reduction of Indoor Tanning

Watson

Holman

Fox³

et al. 2013

American Journal of Preventive Medicine

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Exposure to ultraviolet radiation from indoor tanning devices (tanning beds, booths, and sun lamps) or from the sun contributes to the risk of skin cancer, including melanoma, which is the type of skin cancer responsible for most deaths. Indoor tanning is common among certain groups, especially among older adolescents and young adults, adolescent girls and young women, and non-Hispanic whites. Increased understanding of the health risks associated with indoor tanning has led to many efforts to reduce use. Most environmental and systems efforts in the U.S. (e.g., age limits or requiring parental consent/accompaniment) have occurred at the state level. At the national level, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration and the Federal Trade Commission regulate indoor tanning devices and advertising, respectively.The current paper provides a brief review of (1) the evidence on indoor tanning as a risk factor for skin cancer; (2) factors that may influence use of indoor tanning devices at the population level; and (3) various environmental and systems options available for consideration when developing strategies to reduce indoor tanning. This information provides the context and background for the companion paper in this issue of the American Journal of Preventive Medicine, which summarizes highlights from an informal expert meeting convened by the CDC in August 2012 to identify opportunities to prevent skin cancer by reducing use of indoor tanning devices.

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Ultraviolet Radiation: A Hazard to Children and Adolescents

Cited by 252 publications

References 178 publications

Photobiological safety of the recently introduced energy efficient household lamps

Photobiological safety of the recently introduced energy efficient household lamps

The Role of Ultraviolet Radiation in the Ocular System of Mammals

Preventing Skin Cancer Through Reduction of Indoor Tanning

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