Unadjusted and Adjusted Prevalence of Diagnosed Depression in Type 2 Diabetes

Abstract

OBJECTIVE -To estimate the prevalence of diagnosed depression in a large population of individuals with type 2 diabetes, compared to a matched control group, and to estimate the extent of depression that is independently associated with diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS-We compared the prevalence of diagnosed depression in all 16,180 full-year health maintenance organization members in 1999 who had been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes and in 16,180 comparison members without diabetes matched for age and sex. We ascertained diagnoses from the Kaiser Permanente Northwest Region's electronic medical record. Using multiple logistic regression, we adjusted the prevalence estimates for the presence of cardiovascular disease, age, sex, and body weight.RESULTS -Depression was more common in individuals with type 2 diabetes than among matched control subjects (17.9 vs. 11.2%; P Ͻ 0.001). Women in both groups were nearly twice as likely to be depressed as men; however, the relative difference in depression prevalence between subjects with and without diabetes was greater in men. In the multivariate model for women, body weight was a much stronger predictor of depression than diabetes status.CONCLUSIONS -This study further documents the association between depression and diabetes, providing unadjusted population-based estimates in a large sample. Depression remained associated with diabetes after adjustment for several other possible causes. The association among diabetes, cardiovascular disease, depression, and obesity are multifaceted and differ for men and women. Diabetes Care 26:744 -749, 2003

Depressive symptoms and insulin resistance in young adult males: results from the Northern Finland 1966 birth cohort

“…4 Our finding is also in line with those earlier ones that have shown an association between depression and type II diabetes. 1,17 We consider, however, our finding important, as in the present study, the association between IR and depressive symptoms was confirmed in young adult males, in which earlier diagnosed diabetes was excluded. Further investigations are, however, called for to confirm our results, as according to a recent prospective cohort study, no association was found between IR and depressive symptoms in middle-aged men.…”

“…Recently, Rasgon et al 19 found that in a clinical sample of women with polycystic ovary syndrome, which is characterized by hyperandrogenism and IR, 50% of the patients were considered depressed. Further, while confirming an independent association between depression and type II diabetes, a large population-based investigation 17 suggested also that the relationship between depression and IR-related conditions (like type II diabetes, cardiovascular disease and obesity) differed between men and women. Therefore, further investigations regarding the impact of gender on the association between IR and depression are needed.…”

Depressive Mood and Abdominal Fat Distribution in Overweight Premenopausal Women

“…It remains unclear how depressive symptoms affect coronary heart disease and other complications, although several explanations have been put forward. Depression is linked to type 2 diabetes (18,19), hypertension (20), and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (21), all of which are major risk factors for coronary heart disease. Moreover, a patient with depression tends to have poorer health behavior, e.g., they are less active (22).…”

White Matter Tract Integrity of Anterior Limb of Internal Capsule in Major Depression and Type 2 Diabetes

“…The interaction between type 2 diabetes and major depression has long been observed and extensively studied (Leonard et al, 2002;Anderson et al, 2001;Nichols et al, 2003). Individuals with diabetes were twice as likely as a comparable sample to be diagnosed with comorbid depression (estimated at around 15% to 20% in patients with diabetes).…”