“…Moreover, it has expanded the indications for pulmonary resection to include aged people [4] and those with severe comorbidities, who previously would not have been able to tolerate surgery, and to encompass complicated procedures such as largely fused fissures, dense adhesions and lymphadenopathy, advanced stage disease, bronchoplasty, and diaphragm resection [5]. According to the annual report of the Japanese Association for Thoracic Surgery [6], 23,411 (65.7 %) of 35,667 patients with lung cancer underwent VATS in 2012.…”