Unbiased individual unconsciousness: Rationale, replication and developing applications

Tsikandilakis, Myron; Bali, Persefoni; Karlis, Alexander; Mével, Pierre-Alexis; Madan, Christopher R.; Derrfuß, Jan; Milbank, Alison

doi:10.1016/j.crbeha.2023.100109

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 166 publications

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“…We showed that when own-culture emotional faces were presented with backward masking for 33.33 ms and assessed with unbiased criteria for signal detection and discrimination performance, participants could correctly identify a presented face only when conscious perception was involved. These findings were replicated in our research in the past five years (Tsikandilakis & Chapman, 2018; Tsikandilakis et al, 2018, Tsikandilakis, Bali, et al, 2019, Tsikandilakis, Bali, et al, 2019, 2020, 2020b; Tsikandilakis, Yu, et al 2021a; Tsikandilakis, Bali, et al 2021; Tsikandilakis, Leong, et al, 2021; Tsikandilakis, Bali, Yu, et al, 2023; Tsikandilakis, Bali, Karlis, et al 2023a, 2023b).…”

supporting

confidence: 83%

“…We have elsewhere highlighted the methodological limitations of previous findings (Tsikandilakis, Bali, et al, 2019bTsikandilakis, Bali, Haralabopoulos, et al 2020;Tsikandilakis, Bali, Karlis, et al 2023a, 2023b. These include the use of biased metrics for the definition of unconsciousness (i.e., hit rates).…”

mentioning

confidence: 90%

“…These include the assessment of unconsciousness using statistical procedures that confound lack of evidence for the alternative hypothesis with evidence for the null. These also include the lack of separate statistical analyses for trials in which participants reported hit responses, such as seeing a face that was presented, and miss responses, such as not seeing a face that was presented (Tsikandilakis, Bali, Karlis, et al 2023a).…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Learning emotional dialects: A British population study of cross-cultural communication

Tsikandilakis,

Bali,

Lanfranco

et al. 2023

Perception

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The aim of the current research was to explore whether we can improve the recognition of cross-cultural freely-expressed emotional faces in British participants. We tested several methods for improving the recognition of freely-expressed emotional faces, such as different methods for presenting other-culture expressions of emotion from individuals from Chile, New Zealand and Singapore in two experimental stages. In the first experimental stage, in phase one, participants were asked to identify the emotion of cross-cultural freely-expressed faces. In the second phase, different cohorts were presented with interactive side-by-side, back-to-back and dynamic morphing of cross-cultural freely-expressed emotional faces, and control conditions. In the final phase, we repeated phase one using novel stimuli. We found that all non-control conditions led to recognition improvements. Morphing was the most effective condition for improving the recognition of cross-cultural emotional faces. In the second experimental stage, we presented morphing to different cohorts including own-to-other and other-to-own freely-expressed cross-cultural emotional faces and neutral-to-emotional and emotional-to-neutral other-culture freely-expressed emotional faces. All conditions led to recognition improvements and the presentation of freely-expressed own-to-other cultural-emotional faces provided the most effective learning. These findings suggest that training can improve the recognition of cross-cultural freely-expressed emotional expressions.

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confidence: 83%

mentioning

confidence: 90%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Learning emotional dialects: A British population study of cross-cultural communication

Tsikandilakis,

Bali,

Lanfranco

et al. 2023

Perception

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“… Fornaciai and Park (2019) first investigated whether “inducer” stimuli (i.e., dot arrays), which had induced the serial dependence effects at the conscious levels in previous studies (e.g., Cicchini., Mikellidou, & Burr, 2017 ; Fornaciai & Park, 2018 ), could also induce the effect when the stimuli were removed from visual awareness via visual backward masking technique. The visual backward masking, whereby a brief visual target (generally tens of milliseconds) is immediately followed by a mask, has widely been considered as a paradigm of examining unconscious visual processes ( Kim & Blake, 2005 ; Tsikandilakis et al, 2023 ; Van Der Ploeg, Brosschot, Versluis, & Verkuil, 2017 ). Their results showed that the 50-ms “inducer” stimuli failed to induce the serial dependence effect but induced a robust negative aftereffect when the “inducer” stimuli were masked by subsequent 50-ms pattern masks, whereas under a no-mask condition the “inducer” stimuli successfully induced the serial dependence effect.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Serial dependence requires visual awareness: Evidence from continuous flash suppression

Fu,

Mei

2024

Journal of Vision

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The visual system often undergoes a relatively stable perception even in a noisy visual environment. This crucial function was reflected in a visual perception phenomenon—serial dependence, in which recent stimulus history systematically biases current visual decisions. Although serial dependence effects have been revealed in numerous studies, few studies examined whether serial dependence would require visual awareness. By using the continuous flash suppression (CFS) technique to render grating stimuli invisible, we investigated whether serial dependence effects could emerge at the unconscious levels. In an orientation adjustment task, subjects viewed a randomly oriented grating and reported their orientation perception via an adjustment response. Subjects performed a series of three type trial pairs. The first two trial pairs, in which subjects were instructed to make a response or no response toward the first trial of the pairs, respectively, were used to measure serial dependence at the conscious levels; the third trial pair, in which the grating stimulus in the first trial of the pair was masked by a CFS stimulus, was used to measure the serial dependence at the unconscious levels. One-back serial dependence effects for the second trial of the pairs were evaluated. We found significant serial dependence effects at the conscious levels, whether absence (Experiment 1) or presence (Experiment 2) of CFS stimuli, but failed to find the effects at the unconscious levels, corroborating the view that serial dependence requires visual awareness.

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Consciousness Under the Spotlight: The Problem of Measuring Subjective Experience

Jimenez,

Prieto,

Hinojosa

et al. 2024

WIRES Cognitive Science

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The study of consciousness is considered by many one of the most difficult contemporary scientific endeavors and confronts several methodological and theoretical challenges. A central issue that makes the study of consciousness so challenging is that, while the rest of science is concerned with problems that can be verified from a “third person” view (i.e., objectively), the study of consciousness deals with the phenomenon of subjective experience, only accessible from a “first person” view. In the present article, we review early (starting during the late 19th century) and later efforts on measuring consciousness and its absence, focusing on the two main approaches used by researchers within the field: objective (i.e., performance based) and subjective (i.e., report based) measures of awareness. In addition, we compare the advantages and disadvantages of both types of awareness measures, evaluate them according to different methodological considerations, and discuss, among other issues, the possibility of comparing them by transforming them to a common sensitivity measure (d′). Finally, we explore several new approaches—such as Bayesian models to support the absence of awareness or new machine‐learning based decoding models—as well as future challenges—such as measuring the qualia, the qualitative contents of awareness—in consciousness research.

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Unbiased individual unconsciousness: Rationale, replication and developing applications

Cited by 5 publications

References 166 publications

Learning emotional dialects: A British population study of cross-cultural communication

Learning emotional dialects: A British population study of cross-cultural communication

Serial dependence requires visual awareness: Evidence from continuous flash suppression

Consciousness Under the Spotlight: The Problem of Measuring Subjective Experience

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