Uncertainties in the Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings

Tomić, Igor; Vanin, Francesco; Beyer, Katrin

doi:10.3390/app11052280

Cited by 23 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…We built upon the existing models by using the ability of the macro-element [38] to explicitly model the out-of-plane behaviour. As shown in Tomić et al [37], when the out-of-plane behaviour is accounted for, the influence of non-linear connections can be highlighted. Therefore, unlike the Tremuri model where the floors were assumed to be perfectly connected to the walls and the stiffness was calibrated accordingly, here we explicitly model the nonlinear connections to base the stiffness of the floor diaphragm on material properties and mechanical formulation.…”

Section: Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 92%

“…A number of such macro-element models have been proposed for unreinforced masonry elements [15,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33]; a recent review is included in [14]. The simplicity of this modelling approach allows multiple static and dynamic analyses to be performed in a short time, and a large number of performed analyses can address aleatory and epistemic uncertainties [13,[34][35][36][37]. However, because all but the most recent macro-elements for unreinforced masonry elements [38] capture only the in-plane and not the out-of-plane response, equivalent frame model analyses were restricted to the global response.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Numerical Simulation of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings with Timber Diaphragms

et al. 2021

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Though flexible diaphragms play a role in the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings, the effect of the connections between floors and walls is rarely discussed or explicitly modelled when simulating the response of such buildings. These flexible diaphragms are most commonly timber floors made of planks and beams, which are supported on recesses in the masonry walls and can slide when the friction resistance is reached. Using equivalent frame models, we capture the effects of both the diaphragm stiffness and the finite strength of wall-to-diaphragm connections on the seismic behaviour of unreinforced masonry buildings. To do this, we use a newly developed macro-element able to simulate both in-plane and out-of-plane behaviour of the masonry walls and non-linear springs to simulate wall-to-wall and wall-to-diaphragm connections. As an unretrofitted case study, we model a building on a shake table, which developed large in-plane and out-of-plane displacements. We then simulate three retrofit interventions: Retrofitted diaphragms, connections, and diaphragms and connections. We show that strengthening the diaphragm alone is ineffective when the friction capacity of the wall-to-diaphragm connection is exceeded. This also means that modelling an unstrengthened wall-to-diaphragm connection as having infinite stiffness and strength leads to unrealistic box-type behaviour. This is particularly important if the equivalent frame model should capture both global in-plane and local out-of-plane failure modes.

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Section: Numerical Modelmentioning

confidence: 92%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Simulation of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings with Timber Diaphragms

et al. 2021

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“…Since there were no experimental in situ tests conducted, the uncertainties in the assessment phase were covered by mean values of the material characteristics taken according to the working draft for the new Eurocode EN1998-3 [49]. Uncertainties defined by Tomić et al [50] like the non-linear connections, such as wall-to-wall and floor-to-wall connections were not taken into account. In this document, the mean values of material characteristics are given for different masonry types.…”

Section: Materials Characteristics and Other Input Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In this document, the mean values of material characteristics are given for different masonry types. For solid brick masonry and lime mortar the values are shown in Table 1 [50]. Besides the material characteristics, a few other important factors are used as input data in the software.…”

Section: Materials Characteristics and Other Input Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Post-Earthquake Assessment of a Historical Masonry Building after the Zagreb Earthquake—Case Study

et al. 2022

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After the Zagreb earthquakes in March of 2020, around 25,000 buildings were estimated damaged, most of them being in the historic city center. This fact is not that surprising since most of the city center buildings are unreinforced masonry structures that have not been assessed in quite some time and usually no retrofitting methods were ever applied. The rapid post-disaster assessment began the same day after the first earthquake occurred. Through mostly visual assessment methods, the basic idea is to identify the safety and usability of buildings in general. This type of assessment was also conducted in one of the oldest Croatian cultural institutions, Matica Hrvatska. It is a building of great historical significance and cultural value, as is most of the city center. Accordingly, this building was constructed with no consideration given to seismic events and with the use of traditional materials and building techniques. In the scope of this paper, urgent actions that were taken are shown with problems and challenges that occurred. Furthermore, the decision-making process after an earthquake is elaborated. In addition, a numerical model is developed in 3Muri software for structural modeling. A non-linear static pushover analysis is performed, and possible failure mechanisms are examined. Furthermore, real-life damage is compared to the software results, and a conclusion process of the building’s usability is explained. In the end, the results obtained are analyzed and conclusions regarding the efficiency of the used software are drawn.

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“…Bilgin and Ramadani [15] evaluated the structural behavior of historical Bajrakli Mosque located in western of Kosovo using static and dynamic analyses and considering both gravity and lateral seismic loads. Tomic´ et al [16] suggested parametric investigations to assess the seismic behavior of historical masonry buildings that mainly affected by the uncertainty in material properties, construction details and modeling parameters. Usta [17] used three dimensional finite element modeling and fragility analysis to study the seismic performance of historical minarets in Antalya, Turkey.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seismic performance of masonry buildings in Iraq

Alkenanee¹,

Alrudaini²

2023

Res. Eng. Struct. Mater.

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Masonry buildings in seismic active regions experienced severe damages and collapses during earthquakes. Many researches were published concerning the seismic assessment of masonry buildings. Almost, all previous studies focused on historical buildings located in different regions in the world. This paper evaluates the seismic performance of ordinary residential masonry buildings located in three different regions in Iraq with various seismic intensities. Masonry buildings included houses, public and commercial buildings are common construction practice in Iraq. A three dimensional finite element modeling was adopted for the investigations in which nonlinear static pushover analyses were conducted to derive capacity curves of the building models. The finite element model was verified against experimental results presented in the literature. Capacity curves were compared with seismic capacity demands derived for each building model in both perpendicular principle axes. Two house building models with semi-regular and irregular plan layouts were considered in the investigations. The influence of the strength of the local clay bricks and the quality of the mortar on the seismic performance of the buildings was considered. Investigations have demonstrated that the plan layout and the strength of bricks and mortar are significantly influencing the seismic performance of the considered masonry buildings. For the considered models, the base shear capacity of the semi-regular house and that for the irregular house model have increased up to 233 % and 100 %, respectively by increasing strength of clay bricks from 9 MPa to 18 MPa. Using cement sand mortar with a compressive strength of 15.2 MPa rather than lime mortar that have compressive strength equal to 3.1 MPa contributes in increasing building shear capacity up to 20 %. Seismic vulnerability of masonry buildings in the considered cities with low to medium seismic intensities could be averted by using relatively high strength mortar and brick as well as adopting regular plans.

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Uncertainties in the Seismic Assessment of Historical Masonry Buildings

Cited by 23 publications

References 24 publications

Numerical Simulation of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings with Timber Diaphragms

Numerical Simulation of Unreinforced Masonry Buildings with Timber Diaphragms

Post-Earthquake Assessment of a Historical Masonry Building after the Zagreb Earthquake—Case Study

Seismic performance of masonry buildings in Iraq

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