Uncertainty in Estimation of Wet Deposition of Sulphur

Smith, R. I.; Fowler, D.

doi:10.1007/978-94-010-9026-1_34

Cited by 16 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Second, FRAME modelled data are compared against the CBED (Concentration Based Estimated Deposition; Smith et al (2000Smith et al ( , 2001) wet deposition data which is generated from measurements from the national monitoring networks of gas concentrations in air and ion concentrations in precipitation. CBED dry and wet deposition forms the official UK data set for estimation of exceedance of critical loads for acid deposition and nitrogen deposition.…”

Section: Model Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of long term trends in pollutant emissions on deposition of sulphur and nitrogen and exceedance of critical loads in the United Kingdom

Matejko

Dore

Hall

et al. 2009

Environmental Science & Policy

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The NERC and CEH trade marks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Wet deposition of nitrogen and sulphur was found to decrease more slowly than the emissions reductions rate.This is attributed to a number of factors including increases in emissions from international shipping and changing rates of atmospheric oxidation. The modelled time series was extended to a 50 year period from 1970 to 2020. The modelled deposition of SO x , NO y and NH x to the UK was found to fall by 87%, 52% and 25% during this period. The percentage of the United Kingdom surface area for which critical loads are exceeded is estimated to fall from 85% in 1970 to 37% in 2020 for acidic deposition and from 73% to 49% for nutrient nitrogen deposition. The significant reduction in land emissions of SO 2 and NO X focuses further attention in controlling emissions from international shipping. Future policies to control emissions of ammonia from agriculture will be required to effect further significant reductions in nitrogen deposition.

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Section: Model Evaluationmentioning

confidence: 99%

The influence of long term trends in pollutant emissions on deposition of sulphur and nitrogen and exceedance of critical loads in the United Kingdom

Matejko

Dore

Hall

et al. 2009

Environmental Science & Policy

Self Cite

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“…Other methods for generating maps of sulphur and nitrogen deposition for the United Kingdom include application of the EMEP European scale Lagrangian model (Tarrasón et al, 2003) and the Concentration Based Estimated Deposition technique (CBED, Smith et al, 2000;Smith and Fowler, 2001). The latter is a methodology based upon interpolation of wet deposition and gas concentrations measured at sites in the national monitoring networks.…”

Section: Maps Of Deposition Of Sulphur and Nitrogenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the atmospheric transport and deposition of sulphur and nitrogen over the United Kingdom and assessment of the influence of SO2 emissions from international shipping

Dore

Vieno

Tang

et al. 2007

Atmospheric Environment

114

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A statistical Lagrangian atmospheric transport model was used to generate annual maps of deposition of sulphur and oxidised and reduced nitrogen for the United Kingdom at a 5 x 5 km 2 resolution. The model was run using emissions for the year 2002. The model was compared with measurements of gas concentrations (SO 2 , NO x , HNO 3 and NH 3 ) and of wet deposition and aerosol concentrations of SO 4 2-, NO 3 -and NH 4 + from national monitoring networks. Good correlation was obtained, demonstrating that the model is capable of accurately estimating the mass balance and spatial distribution of sulphur and nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere. A future emissions scenario for the year 2020 was used to test the influence of shipping emissions on sulphur deposition in the United Kingdom. The results show that, if shipping emissions are assumed to increase at a rate of 2.5% per year, their relative contribution to sulphur deposition is expected to increase from 9% to 28% between 2002 and 2020. The model was compared to both a European scale and a global scale chemical transport model and found to give broad agreement with the magnitude and location of sulphur deposition associated with shipping emissions. Enforcement of the MARPOL convention to reduce the sulphur content in marine fuel to 1% was estimated to result in a 6% reduction in total sulphur deposition to the UK for the year 2020. The percentage area of sensitive habitats with exceedance of critical loads for acidity in the UK was predicted to decrease by 1% with the implementation of the MARPOL convention.

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“…(the CBED model, Smith & Fowler, 2001) is illustrated in Figure 9. From the UKEAP concentration, added to the predicted low-level deposition at that geographical location.…”

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confidence: 99%

“…CBED model (Smith and Fowler, 2001) for all ions. Although we have no data on the spatial 405 variation of this ratio for sodium across the U.K., this difference in orographic scavenging 406 factor would make a 30% difference to annual wet-deposited sodium if it applied at all sites.…”

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Long-term trends in rain and cloud chemistry in a region of complex topography

Cape

Smith

Fowler

et al. 2015

Atmospheric Research

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Contact CEH NORA team at noraceh@ceh.ac.ukThe NERC and CEH trademarks and logos ('the Trademarks') are registered trademarks of NERC in the UK and other countries, and may not be used without the prior written consent of the Trademark owner. Highlights (Cape et al. Long-term trends in rain and cloud chemistry in a region of complex topography)Cloud and rain water analysis from low and high elevation sites in Pennines, UK Orographic (seeder-feeder) enhancement of cloud ion concentrations estimated Long-term (1994Long-term ( -2008 downward trends in non-sea sulfate and nitrateNo trends in cloud:rain scavenging ratios, implying consistent mechanism Uncertainties in extrapolation to upland UK are quantifiedLong-term trends in rain and cloud chemistry in a region of complex topography. Long-term trends in ion concentrations in cloud and rain showed significant downward trends 19 in non-sea sulphate, and a weaker downward trend in nitrate, but no trend in other ions. There 20 was also no trend in the orographic scavenging ratios, implying that the methods used to 21 estimate orographic enhancement across the U.K. are robust over time. in the northern Pennines, which showed that not only rainfall amount but also the 31 concentrations of ions in rain increased with altitude, leading to much greater wet deposition 32 of pollutants on western hills than had been expected (Choularton et al., 1988; Fowler et al., 33 1988). The intensive field campaign measurements of individual rain events also 34 demonstrated the mechanism for these increases, in terms of the 'seeder-feeder' effect 35(Supplement Figure S1). As rain from high-level clouds falls through the atmosphere to low 36 elevation sites, it does not efficiently scavenge the fine (sub-micron) aerosols in the 37 atmosphere, so that rain composition measured at low levels reflects the composition of the Dollard et al., 1983;Fowler et al., 1988). All items were rinsed with deionised water after 107 each sample was taken. For each weekly sample, the total volume was measured, and a sub- with bird droppings. Samples with very small volumes (< 100 mL) were also discounted. 139Similar procedures were applied to the rain and cloud composition data measured at the Results 152 Rain and cloud water amounts 153The amount of rain and cloud collected has consequences for the concentrations of ions in the 154 samples averaged over long periods. In general, the greater the rainfall amount, the more 155 dilute the samples are likely to be to be; raindrops will on average have passed through a 156 greater thickness of cloud, thereby enhancing their volume, but scavenging larger and more 157 dilute cloud droplets. Rainfall amounts used for deposition calculations are derived from the 158 tipping-bucket collector at ground level. 159The data in Figure 2 show that the difference in recorded precipitation amount between Figure S2), with a major peak in the S to W sector, 187and a secondary peak in the NNE to E sector. These peaks became noticeably better defined 188 over the mea...

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Uncertainty in Estimation of Wet Deposition of Sulphur

Cited by 16 publications

References 14 publications

The influence of long term trends in pollutant emissions on deposition of sulphur and nitrogen and exceedance of critical loads in the United Kingdom

The influence of long term trends in pollutant emissions on deposition of sulphur and nitrogen and exceedance of critical loads in the United Kingdom

Modelling the atmospheric transport and deposition of sulphur and nitrogen over the United Kingdom and assessment of the influence of SO2 emissions from international shipping

Long-term trends in rain and cloud chemistry in a region of complex topography

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