Uncertainty of the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) sin2 ψ Technique in Measuring Residual Stresses of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Hard Coatings

Luo, Quanshun; Yang, Shicai

doi:10.3390/coatings7080128

Cited by 32 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 33 publications

(87 reference statements)

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“…39 Minor shifts in the main β-SiC peak are likely a result of differences in lattice strain. 40 Similarly, the breadth of the main β-SiC peak in Hi-Nicalon may be a result of slight differences in crystallite size compared to the other two fibers. All three fibers show unidentified peaks at around 29 o (2θ) (see Figure 2), likely corresponding to substrate material.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic stabilization of crystalline silicon carbide polymer‐derived ceramic fibers

Leonel

Mujib

Singh

et al. 2022

Int J Ceramic Engine & Sci

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Three crystalline SiC fibers were studied: Tyranno, Hi-Nicalon, and Sylramic.Thermodynamic stability of the SiC fibers was determined by high temperature oxide melt solution calorimetry. Results shed light on the thermodynamic penalty or benefit associated with microstructural modification of the ceramic fibers, and how energetics correlate to mechanical properties. Enthalpies of formation from components (SiC, SiO 2 , Si 3 N 4 , and C, ∆H • f,comp ) for Tyranno, Hi-Nicalon, and Sylramic are −12.05 ± 8.71, −58.75 ± 6.93, and −71.10 ± 8.71 kJ/mol Si, respectively. The microstructure in Sylramic offers the greatest stabilizing effect, thus resulting in its much more exothermic enthalpy of formation relative to elements and crystalline components. In contrast, the microstructure in Tyranno offers the least stabilization. The thermodynamic stability of the fibers increases with increasing mixed bonding (Si bonded to both C and O). From mechanical testing, Young's moduli of Tyranno, Hi-Nicalon, and Sylramic are 112, 205, and 215 GPa, respectively. Greater thermodynamic stability is correlated with a higher Young's modulus.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic stabilization of crystalline silicon carbide polymer‐derived ceramic fibers

Leonel

Mujib

Singh

et al. 2022

Int J Ceramic Engine & Sci

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“…stresses of thin films and coatings [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The solution of the linear regression is provided in Eq.…”

Section: Conventional Approach To Measure Residual Normal Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…X-ray diffraction (XRD) is a powerful analytical tool in characterising polycrystalline materials owing to its accurate measurement of lattice d-spacings. An important application has been the quantitative determination of surface residual stresses, in which d ~ sin 2 ψ linear regression is the mostly used method [1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. The conventional d ~ sin 2 ψ method is suitable for measuring in-plane normal stresses (i.e., zero normal stress vertical to the measured surface) if the related residual shear stresses can be ignored.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modified X-ray diffraction method to measure residual normal and shear stresses of machined surfaces

Luo

2022

Int J Adv Manuf Technol

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X-ray diffraction has been widely used in measuring surface residual stresses. A drawback of the conventional d ~ sin2ψ method is the increased uncertainty arising from sin2ψ splitting when a significant residual shear stress co-exists with a residual normal stress. In particular, the conventional method can only be applied to measure the residual normal stress while leaving the residual shear stress unknown. In this paper, we propose a new approach to make simultaneous measurement of both residual normal and shear stresses. Theoretical development of the new approach is described in detail, which includes two linear regressions, $$\frac{{d}_{\psi }+ {d}_{-\psi }}{2}$$ d ψ + d - ψ 2 ~sin2ψ and {dψ-d-ψ} ~ sin(2ψ), to determine the residual normal and shear stresses separately. Several samples were employed to demonstrate the new method, including turning-machined and grinding-machined cylindrical bars of a high strength steel as well as a flat sample of magnetron sputtered TiN coating. The machined samples were determined to have residual compressive normal stresses at both the axial and hoop directions as well as various scales of residual shear stresses. The TiN coating showed a high scale of residual compressive (normal) stress whereas the measured residual shear stress was extremely low. The new method showed significantly increased precision as compared to the conventional d ~ sin2ψ method.

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“…The residual stress was determined using the XRD method. 4,12,13 When X-rays penetrate both the glass coating and the surface layer of the iron (Fe) in stainless steels, the characteristic XRD patterns were obtained for the residual stress estimation described as follows.…”

Section: Sealing Performancesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure, crystallization, and performances of alkaline‐earth boroaluminosilicate sealing glasses for SOFCs

et al. 2021

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We study the structure, crystallization, and performances of the sealing glasses with the composition (mol.%) of 12Al2O3·8B2O3·40SiO2·40RO (R = Mg, Ca, Sr) for solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) before and after isothermal treatment at 700°C, which is within the operation temperature range (600‐800°C) of SOFCs. The crystallization behavior has been investigated by differential scanning calorimetry and X‐ray diffraction under both dynamic and isothermal conditions. The structural evolution is probed using the Raman and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. The performances of the sealing glasses are characterized in terms of the coefficient of thermal expansion, the crystallization‐induced stress at glass–steel interface. We find that strong crystallization occurs at the operation temperature (700°C) far below the crystallization onset temperature measured by DSC. The structure origin of this anomalous crystallization is discussed in terms of structural heterogeneity of the three studied glasses. We determine the residual stress at the interface between the Ca‐containing glass and the steel after isothermal treatment at 700°C for 48 h, but this stress does not lead to falling off the glass layer from the steel. This indicates that this glass is a good candidate to be applied in SOFCs.

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Uncertainty of the X-ray Diffraction (XRD) sin2 ψ Technique in Measuring Residual Stresses of Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Hard Coatings

Cited by 32 publications

References 33 publications

Thermodynamic stabilization of crystalline silicon carbide polymer‐derived ceramic fibers

Thermodynamic stabilization of crystalline silicon carbide polymer‐derived ceramic fibers

A modified X-ray diffraction method to measure residual normal and shear stresses of machined surfaces

Structure, crystallization, and performances of alkaline‐earth boroaluminosilicate sealing glasses for SOFCs

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