Unchanged interleukin 6 level of protein and energy restricted goats during late gestation: the role of elevated blood nitric oxide

Abstract

Twelve pregnant goats were assigned to three dietary treatments during late gestation, namely control (C: metabolizable energy, 5 . 75 MJ/kg; crude protein, 12 . 6% and dry matter basis), 40% protein restricted (PR) and 40% energy restricted (ER), to examine the effects of nutrient restriction on the immune status of pregnant goats. Plasma was sampled on day 90, 125 and 145 from pregnant goats to determine cytokine production (interleukin 2 (IL2), IL6) and tumor necrosis factor a (TNFa)). Peripheral blood mononuclear cells were obtained on day 145 and activated by lipopolysaccharide to determine cytokine production, and then exposed (PR and ER) to sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor, or control to NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME), an NO synthase inhibitor to explore the role of NO in regulating cytokine production. Plasma IL2, IL6 and TNFa were not altered during gestation, but NO was increased (P!0 . 05) at gestation day 145 for PR and ER. In vitro, compared with control, NO was lower for PR and ER (P!0 . 001), but IL6 was higher for PR (P!0 . 001) and ER (PZ0 . 11). The addition of SNP decreased IL6 (P!0 . 001, PR; PZ0 . 12, ER) in the malnourished group, and L-NAME increased (P!0 . 001) IL6 in control compared to those treatments without SNP or L-NAME. The results indicate that plasma NO acted as a regulator of cytokine function exhibiting negative feedback to maintain steady plasma IL6 concentration in PR or ER goats during late gestation.

Effects of maternal protein or energy restriction during late gestation on immune status and responses to lipopolysaccharide challenge in postnatal young goats1

“…Our unchanged CRP level in neonates from goats fed with inadequate protein or energy levels suggested that the tissue damage in kids from maternal nutritional restriction were not acute, although the other immune indexes (e.g., immunoglobulins and cytokine expression) were affected by maternal nutritional restriction. He et al (2012a) previously reported that restriction of intake to 40% below the protein or en-ergy requirements of pregnant goats did not affect BW change, thus the imposed nutritional restriction could be considered moderate rather than severe.…”

“…The production of IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) by bone marrow cells has been reported to be less in malnourished animals (Fock et al, 2007). However, the production of IL-6 by peripheral blood mononuclear cells from PR or ER goats was found to be greater after 48 h of in vitro culture (He et al, 2012a). In addition, Badr and Mohany (2011) reported that off- spring from 50% feed restricted pregnant rats exhibited a reduction in plasma IL-2 and IL-7 compared with offspring from control pregnant rats.…”

Effects of High-Concentrate-Induced SARA on Antioxidant Capacity, Immune Levels and Rumen Microbiota and Function in Goats

“…Feeding goats with a high-concentrate (HC) diet resulted in lower nitric oxide (NO) production compared to the normal group. Typically, increased NO levels are associated with an enhanced pro-inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharides (LPS) [36], which correlates with elevated concentrations of various interleukins. Prior research has demonstrated that elevated IL-6 levels may enhance the permeability of the rumen epithelium and diminish its barrier function [37].…”

Expression of hypoxia-inducible factors and vascular endothelial growth factor during pregnancy in the feline uterus

“…Abundance of the literature exists for different species concerning the function of growth factors, cytokines, hormones, and enzymes in the early pregnant uterus and placenta of different species such as cattle [38], sheep [39], goats [40], pigs [41], mares [42,43], bitches [2,44,45], and cats [46]. The present study in cats determined that HIF1A, HIF2A, HIF3A, and VEGF are expressed in all regions of the uterus throughout the pregnancy.…”