Unclonable Optical Fiber Identification Based on Rayleigh Backscattering Signatures

Du, Yu; Jothibasu, Sasi; Zhuang, Yiyang; Zhu, Chen; Huang, Jie

doi:10.1109/jlt.2017.2754285

Cited by 31 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…Instead experimental approach for identifying fiber sections based on Rayleigh scattering 10 analysis has been proposed 11,12,13,14 . This approach is based on the use of Optical Frequency Domain Reflectometry (OFDR) 15 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical fiber-based key for remote authentication of users and optical fiber line

Yarovikov

Smirnov

Zhdanova

et al. 2023

Preprint

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We have shown the opportunity to use the unique inhomogeneities of the internal structure of an optical fiber waveguide for remote authentication of users or an optic fiber line. Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (OTDR) is demonstrated to be applicable to observing unclonable backscattered signal patterns at distances of tens of kilometers. The physical nature of the detected patterns was explained, and their characteristic spatial periods were investigated. The patterns are caused by the refractive index fluctuations of a standard telecommunication fiber. We have experimentally verified that the patterns are an example of a Physically Unclonable Function (PUF). The uniqueness and reproducibility of the patterns have been demonstrated and an authentication protocol has been provided.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical fiber-based key for remote authentication of users and optical fiber line

Yarovikov

Smirnov

Zhdanova

et al. 2023

Preprint

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“…[ 9 ] Starting from the seminal work by Pappu et al., [ 6 ] optical PUF systems have been an active research area. [ 10–17 ] In the past decade, a range of material types and manufacturing routes have been studied to demonstrate PUFs using silica microparticles, [ 6 ] inherent randomness of surfaces, [ 18,19 ] randomly positioned scatterers challenged by quantum states of light, [ 20,21 ] carbon nanotubes, [ 22 ] spherical [ 23,24 ] and rod shaped [ 25 ] plasmonic nanoparticles, silver nanoislands, [ 26 ] core‐shell nanoparticles, [ 27 ] polymeric particles, [ 28 ] diamonds, [ 29 ] and fluorescent compounds. [ 30 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[9] Starting from the seminal work by Pappu et al, [6] optical PUF systems have been an active research area. [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17] In the past decade, a range of material types and manufacturing routes have been studied to demonstrate PUFs using silica microparticles, [6] inherent randomness of surfaces, [18,19] randomly positioned scatterers challenged by quantum states of…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic Light‐Emitting Physically Unclonable Functions

Kayacı

Özdemir

Kalay

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

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The development of novel physically unclonable functions (PUFs) is of growing interest and fluorescent organic semiconductors (f‐OSCs) offer unique advantages of structural versatility, solution‐processability, ease of processing, and great tuning ability of their physicochemical/optoelectronic/spectroscopic properties. The design and ambient atmosphere facile fabrication of a unique organic light‐emitting physically unclonable function (OLE‐PUF) based on a green‐emissive fluorescent oligo(p‐phenyleneethynylene) molecule is reported. The OLE‐PUFs have been prepared by one‐step, brief (5 min) thermal annealing of spin‐coated nanoscopic films (≈40 nm) at a modest temperature (170 °C), which results in efficient surface dewetting to form randomly positioned/sized hemispherical features with bright fluorescence. The random positioning of molecular domains generated the unclonable surface with excellent uniformity (0.50), uniqueness (0.49), and randomness (p > 0.01); whereas the distinctive photophysical and structural properties of the molecule created the additional security layers (fluorescence profile, excited‐state decay dynamics, Raman mapping/spectrum, and infrared spectrum) for multiplex encoding. The OLE‐PUFs on substrates of varying chemical structures, surface energies and flexibility, and direct deposition on goods via drop‐casting are demonstrated. The OLE‐PUFs immersed in water, exposed to mechanical abrasion, and read‐out repeatedly via fluorescence imaging showed great stability. These findings clearly demonstrate that rationally engineered solution‐processable f‐OSCs have a great potential to become a key player in the development of new‐generation PUFs.

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“…To date a variety of “non-integrated" photonic PUFs have been demonstrated based on laser speckle 7 , irregular surface textures 8 , single and multimode optical fibers 9 , 10 , plasmonic nanoparticles 11 and organic light emitters 12 . However, such approaches lack integration and nearly all require precisely controlled optical alignment, tilt, polarization, temperature, and/or stable 2D spatially resolved optical imaging to measure and authenticate.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scalable and CMOS compatible silicon photonic physical unclonable functions for supply chain assurance

Tarik

Famili

Lao

et al. 2022

Sci Rep

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We demonstrate the uniqueness, unclonability and secure authentication of N = 56 physical unclonable functions (PUFs) realized from silicon photonic moiré quasicrystal interferometers. Compared to prior photonic-PUF demonstrations typically limited in scale to only a handful of unique devices and on the order of 10 false authentication attempts, this work examines > 103 inter-device comparisons and false authentication attempts. Device fabrication is divided across two separate fabrication facilities, allowing for cross-fab analysis and emulation of a malicious foundry with exact knowledge of the PUF photonic circuit design and process. Our analysis also compares cross-correlation based authentication to the traditional Hamming distance method and experimentally demonstrates an authentication error rate AER = 0%, false authentication rate FAR = 0%, and an estimated probability of cloning below 10−30. This work validates the potential scalability of integrated photonic-PUFs which can attractively leverage mature wafer-scale manufacturing and automated contact-free optical probing. Such structures show promise for authenticating hardware in the untrusted supply chain or augmenting conventional electronic-PUFs to enhance system security.

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Unclonable Optical Fiber Identification Based on Rayleigh Backscattering Signatures

Cited by 31 publications

References 41 publications

Optical fiber-based key for remote authentication of users and optical fiber line

Optical fiber-based key for remote authentication of users and optical fiber line

Organic Light‐Emitting Physically Unclonable Functions

Scalable and CMOS compatible silicon photonic physical unclonable functions for supply chain assurance

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