After being subjected to a sudden rise in temperature, all organisms tested, from Escherichia coli to Homo sapiens, induce the synthesis of a group of so-called heat shock (HS) proteins, some of which are highly conserved among species (for reviews, see references 9, 21, and 25). A number of laboratories have begun to investigate the properties of these proteins and their expression. Regulation of the HS response is understood in part. In E. coli, induction of the HS response occurs at the transcriptional level under the control of the rpoH gene product, a32. The c32 polypeptide allows RNA polymerase enzyme to specifically recognize HS promoters which have a consensus sequence distinct from that recognized by the normal sigma factor, ac70, encoded by rpoD (8,15). One of the negative regulators of the HS response is the DnaK HS protein (30). This 70-kilodalton protein shows approximately 50% amino acid identity with the Hsp7O family of proteins present in all cells examined (4, 9, 21). DnaK and its eucaryotic homologs appear to mediate protein stabilization, refolding, and dissociation (6,19,26). As an example, during initiation of A DNA replication, the DnaK and DnaJ HS proteins, which are essential for A DNA replication, catalyze the ATP-dependent dissociation of A P protein from a complex which includes the X 0, A P, and E. coli DnaB proteins assembled at oriA (20). The A P protein binds to DnaB and inhibits its helicase activity, which is absolutely necessary for the initiation of A DNA replication (20).The E.