Unconscious Racial Bias May Affect Dentists’ Clinical Decisions on Tooth Restorability: A Randomized Clinical Trial

Abstract

Methods: In this singlecenter cross-sectional survey, 57 dentists were given a clinical scenario in combination with a patient's relevant clinical photographs and radiographs depicting either a Black or White patient presenting with a decayed tooth and associated symptoms of irreversible pulpitis. Explicit bias was measured through a questionnaire, which evaluated participants' course of treatment, strength of recommendation, and their perception of patients' dental cooperativeness. Implicit bias was evaluated through brief implicit associate tests. Results: Recommendation for root canal treatment (RCT) in the White patient condition was significantly higher than in the Black patient condition (χ 2 = 4.77, P < 0.05). Overall, participants were significantly more likely to recommend root canal treatment to White patients (t = 2.46, P = 0.0172) and significantly more likely to recommend extraction for Black patients (t = 3.03, P = 0.0034). In total, 91.23% and 78.95% of all participants displayed high Brief Implicit Association Test race and cooperation scores, respectively, showing a pro-White bias in both categories. This trend was shown to be irrespective of the patient condition. Conclusions: Dentists' decision making was affected by the race of the patient, resulting in a greater likelihood of extractions (less RCT) for Black patients presenting with a broken-down tooth and symptoms of irreversible pulpitis. Knowledge Transfer Statement: The results of this study can be used by clinicians to understand the impact that unconscious racial bias may have on their treatment planning decisions. This information can create awareness, thereby reducing the impact that potential biases can have on the treatment patients receive.

Fostering Empathy, Implicit Bias Mitigation, and Compassionate Behavior in a Medical Humanities Course

“…Implicit bias remains a nearly intractable problem in the US [14,32,33] and elsewhere [34,35]. Healthcare professionals hold negative attitudes toward people of color and discriminate against them.…”

The perspectives of health professionals and patients on racism in healthcare: A qualitative systematic review

“…Such interpersonal racism has been observed to pervade various healthcare domains. In dentistry, although patients presented with similar symptoms, there was a greater likelihood of Black patients being offered tooth extraction instead of restorative root canal treatment, reflecting unconscious racial bias in treatment planning decisions [ 9 ]. Similarly, in cardiology, minority patients were less likely to be referred for cardiac catheterization despite residents being presented with standardized hypothetical patients [ 10 ].…”

Diversity, equity, and inclusion interventions to support admissions have had little benefit to Black students over past 20 years

“…Much like Xerox, the dental profession has shown that awareness does not necessarily bring resolution in its failure to adequately address known issues of race in various areas within our profession. Racial disparities exist in access to care, 4 race bias has been shown in clinical decision‐making, 5 and the existence of structural racism in the dental profession has been suggested in recent musings 6…”