“…Researchers have explored this topic extensively over the last two decades, investigating techniques for extracting features from ear images and their subsequent comparison [10,28]. Successful feature extraction techniques in ear recognition and other biometrics include Principal Component Analysis-(PCA) [29][30][31][32]37], wavelet-based [5,13,18,25], Support Vector Machine (SVM) [4,26,27] and neural network-based and other [1,2,7,9,11,15,22,24,27,33,39,40] methods. Amongst these techniques, PCA has been used for both feature extraction in the form of eigenvectors and dimensionality reduction.…”