We present measurements of the fluctuation superconductivity in an underdoped thin film of La1.905Sr0.095CuO4 using time-domain THz spectroscopy. We compare our results with measurements of diamagnetism in a similarly doped crystal of La2−xSrxCuO4. We show through a vortexplasma model that if the fluctuation diamagnetism solely originates in vortices, then they must necessarily exhibit an anomalously large vortex diffusion constant, which is more than two orders of magnitude larger than the Bardeen-Stephen estimate. This points to either the extremely unusual properties of vortices in the under-doped d-wave cuprates or a contribution to the diamagnetic response that is not superconducting in origin.Nearly 25 years after the demonstration of hightemperature superconductivity in the cuprate superconductors and more than 15 years since the discovery of the anomalous pseudogap in underdoped compounds, the microscopic physics of the superconducting phase and its relationship to the pseudogap remain hotly debated. Due to their low superfluid densities, it is generally agreed that superconducting fluctuations will be large and prominent in these materials [1]. What is less agreed upon is the temperature range above T c in which superconducting correlations are truly significant and their contributions to the physics of the pseudogap. Experimental probes such as photoemission, tunneling, NMR spin relaxation, heat capacity, the Nernst effect, and diamagnetic susceptibility have shown evidence for a gaplike structure reminiscent of d-wave superconductivity in the density of states implying a strong connection of the pseudogap to superconductivity and/or superconducting correlations at temperatures well above T c [2-6]. However, other mechanisms exist that can create such structures in the density of states [7,8].Interestingly, perhaps the most essential probe of the electronic properties -charge transport -does not show an extended range of superconducting fluctuations in temperature or field. [9][10][11]. In La 2−x Sr x CuO 4 the region of enhanced diamagnetism extends almost 100 K above T c [6] while the THz fluctuation conductivity has an extent limited to 10 -20 K above T c [12]. This is surprising as one might expect a close correspondence between these quantities [13]. Similarly, it has been argued from Nernst and diamagnetism measurements that H c2 may be as high as 150 T [6], while the resistive transition is essentially complete in optimally and underdoped LSCO by 45 T [10,11].In this Rapid Communication we present results of our detailed THz time-domain spectroscopy (TTDS) study of the fluctuation superconductivity in LSCO. The THz fluctuation conductivity shows an onset approximately only 10 K above T c , which contrasts strongly with measurements like diamagnetism in which the onset is approximately 100K above T c . We analyze our data in the context of a vortex plasma model and show, however that it is not the functional dependences of these data that are in strongest contrast, but their overall scales. Conve...