Uncoupling the Effects of Energy Expenditure and Energy Intake: Appetite Response to Short-term Energy Deficit Induced by Meal Omission and Physical Activity

Hubert, Pascale; King, N.A.; Blundell, John

doi:10.1006/appe.1997.0148

Cited by 135 publications

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“…The transient suppression of appetite after consumption compared to omission of breakfast 253 has previously been observed after an ad-libitum lunch meal, which was used to gauge 254 voluntary food intake [6,9]. However, the present investigation has demonstrated that 255 appetite in the post-lunch period can be offset by an absolute energetic load, as opposed to 256 subjects eating to satiation.…”

Section: Accepted Manuscript 12mentioning

confidence: 67%

Effect of breakfast omission on subjective appetite, metabolism, acylated ghrelin and GLP-17-36 during rest and exercise

2016

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Please cite this article as: Clayton DJ, Stensel DJ, James LJ, Effect of breakfast omission on subjective appetite, metabolism, acylated ghrelin and GLP-1 7-36 during rest and exercise, Nutrition (2015), doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2015.06.013. This is a PDF file of an unedited manuscript that has been accepted for publication. As a service to our customers we are providing this early version of the manuscript. The manuscript will undergo copyediting, typesetting, and review of the resulting proof before it is published in its final form. Please note that during the production process errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain. Breakfast omission induces compensatory eating behaviour at lunch, but often reduces daily 21 energy intake. This study investigated the effect of breakfast omission on within-day 22 subjective appetite, energy expenditure, substrate utilisation and appetite hormone profiles, in 23 response to standardised feeding and exercise. Eight male, habitual breakfast eaters 24 completed two randomised trials. Subjects arrived overnight fasted (0 h), and either 25 consumed (BC) or omitted (BO) a standardised breakfast (Mean (SD) (3085 (217) kJ). Lunch 26(4162 (510) kJ) and dinner (4914 (345) kJ) were provided at 4.5 and 10 h, respectively and 27 subjects performed 60 min fixed-intensity cycling (50% VO 2 peak) at 8 h. Blood samples 28 were collected at 0, 4.5, 6 and 8 h, with expired air and subjective appetite sensations 29 (hunger, fullness, desire to eat (DTE) and prospective food consumption (PFC)) collected 30 throughout. Heart rate and perceived exertion were measured during exercise. Hunger, DTE 31 and PFC were greater and fullness lower during BO (P<0.05) between breakfast and lunch, 32 with no differences after lunch (P>0.193). Resting energy expenditure was greater at 2.5 h 33 during BC (P<0.05) with no other differences between trials (P>0.156). GLP-1 7-36 was 34 greater (P<0.05) and acylated ghrelin tended to be greater (P=0.078) at 4.5 h during BC. 35Heart rate was greater on BO (P<0.05) during exercise. The results of this laboratory-36 controlled study suggest that the effects of breakfast omission are transient and do not extend 37 beyond lunch, even when the negative energy balance created by breakfast omission is 38 sustained via standardised feeding and exercise.

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Section: Accepted Manuscript 12mentioning

confidence: 67%

Effect of breakfast omission on subjective appetite, metabolism, acylated ghrelin and GLP-17-36 during rest and exercise

2016

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“…However, even with an imposed energy deficit in a single meal, hunger and food intake increase. [8][9][10] In the present study, the intervention can be considered to be longer than in most other studies and there was no opportunity to compensate for the reduced diet or increased activity because children were constantly supervised.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, skipping a meal gives rise to compensatory increases in hunger and food intake as a result of an acute energy deficit. [8][9][10] Therefore, the appetite system possesses extremely powerful mechanisms to protect against undereating. 11 Probably as a result of this phenomenon, it is often believed that physical activity is a poor strategy for losing weight as the energy expended will drive up hunger and food intake to compensate for the energy deficit incurred.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of a medium-term activity- and diet-induced energy deficit on subjective appetite sensations in obese children

King

Hester

2006

Int J Obes

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Objective: To assess the subjective appetite responses to an imposed activity-and diet-induced energy deficit during a residential intervention programme for obese children. Design: A 6-week intervention of fixed, reduced dietary intake and 6 h/day of skill-based physical activity while resident in a weight loss camp. Subjects: Thirty-eight obese (mean body mass index (BMI) ¼ 34.9 kg m À2 ) boys and girls (mean age 13.971.57). Measurements: An electronic appetite rating system (EARS) was used to periodically measure subjective appetite sensations at the start (WK1) and at the end (WK6) of the camp. Subjective ratings of hunger and fullness were compared at the start and end of 6 weeks of an activity-and diet-induced-based weight loss intervention. Results: At the end of the 6 weeks, the children had lost 8.4 kg in body mass. The diurnal profiles of subjective appetite sensations demonstrated clear oscillations in hunger and fullness. There was a significant increase in hunger (Po0.0001) and decrease in fullness (Po0.005) at the end (WK6) of the medium-term energy deficit. In WK6, morning ratings of hunger were higher than in WK1 (Po0.005) and the fixed energy evening meal induced a lower suppression of hunger (Po0.02). Conclusion: A programme of fixed, reduced-dietary intake combined with an activity and behavioural programme was successful at inducing a significant reduction in body mass in obese children. Subjective sensations of appetite were sensitive to a medium-term negative energy balance and weight loss. These data are essential as we continue to evolve methods of treatment for overweight and obese children.

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“…Some of these studies have indicated that individuals who skip breakfast consume larger amounts later in the day, which is likely to contribute to greater BMI. For example, Hubert et al (15) reported that participants given low-energy breakfasts had greater energy intakes at lunch compared with those given high-energy breakfasts, whereas it has been observed that there is a greater consumption of unhealthy snacks in teenagers who skip breakfast (16) . However, most other cross-sectional surveys have reported no significant difference in overall energy intakes between breakfast eaters and skippers (17)(18)(19) , some even noting an increase in energy intake (20) .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Does consuming breakfast influence activity levels? An experiment into the effect of breakfast consumption on eating habits and energy expenditure

Halsey

Huber

Low

et al. 2011

Public Health Nutr.

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Objective: To experimentally compare the effects of eating or skipping breakfast on energy expenditure, activity levels and dietary habits. Design: A randomised cross-over trial, lasting 2 weeks. Participants were provided breakfast during one week and were required to fast until mid-day during the other week. Setting: University campus. Subjects: Forty-nine participants (twenty-six female and twenty-three male participants) were recruited. Food intake was monitored using food diaries, and energy expenditure was assessed using pedometers and heart rate monitors. Morningness-eveningness, physical activity and health were assessed using validated questionnaires. Results: Across all participants, daily energy expenditure did not differ between the two experimental conditions. Total energy intake over 24 h did not vary with condition (male participants: 8134 (SD 447) kJ/d and 7514 (SD 368) kJ/d; female participants: 7778 (SD 410) kJ/d and 7531 (SD 535) kJ/d, for the breakfast and no-breakfast conditions, respectively). However, when comparing habitual breakfast eaters with those with irregular or breakfast-skipping habits, it was found that male non-habitual breakfast eaters consumed significantly (P 5 0?029) more energy during the breakfast condition. Furthermore, female participants who were habitual breakfast eaters were found to eat significantly (P 5 0?005) more and later in the day under the no-breakfast condition. Conclusions: Although the suggestion that breakfast is a behavioural marker for appropriate dietary and physical activity patterns is not refuted by the present findings, our data suggest that the effect of breakfast may vary as a function of gender and morning eating habits, and thus there may be other mechanisms that link BMI and breakfast consumption behaviour.

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Uncoupling the Effects of Energy Expenditure and Energy Intake: Appetite Response to Short-term Energy Deficit Induced by Meal Omission and Physical Activity

Cited by 135 publications

References 0 publications

Effect of breakfast omission on subjective appetite, metabolism, acylated ghrelin and GLP-17-36 during rest and exercise

Effect of breakfast omission on subjective appetite, metabolism, acylated ghrelin and GLP-17-36 during rest and exercise

The effect of a medium-term activity- and diet-induced energy deficit on subjective appetite sensations in obese children

Does consuming breakfast influence activity levels? An experiment into the effect of breakfast consumption on eating habits and energy expenditure

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