Uncovering inequities in Covid-19 vaccine coverage for adults and elderly in Brazil: A multilevel study of 2021–2022 data

The Brazilian vaccine divide: How some municipalities were left behind in the Covid-19 vaccine coverage

“…While initial dose coverage for the elderly and adults exceeds 85%, there is a significant shortfall in booster doses and overall coverage for adolescents, children, and infants [6]. Furthermore, disparities in vaccination coverage have emerged at subnational levels, particularly among adults and the elderly [7], reflecting the pre-pandemic inequalities observed in influenza [8], measles [9], and polio [10] vaccination efforts in Brazil.…”

Area and individual level analyses of demographic and socio-economic disparities in COVID-19 vaccination uptake in Belgium

“…Large disparities have been observed in the uptake of COVID-19 vaccines both between countries, [8] , [9] but also within countries [9] . The within-countries disparities have among others been related to demographic, social, or economic differences [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] . Various approaches, based on aggregated data, [13] , [17] on individual data from surveys, [15] , [20] or on individual data from health registers, [10] , [12] , [14] , [18] , [19] generally lead towards the same conclusions that lower socio-economic statuses and specific demographic situations (young age groups, people with a migration background) are associated with lower COVID-19 vaccine uptake.…”

“…The within-countries disparities have among others been related to demographic, social, or economic differences [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] , [15] , [16] , [17] , [18] , [19] . Various approaches, based on aggregated data, [13] , [17] on individual data from surveys, [15] , [20] or on individual data from health registers, [10] , [12] , [14] , [18] , [19] generally lead towards the same conclusions that lower socio-economic statuses and specific demographic situations (young age groups, people with a migration background) are associated with lower COVID-19 vaccine uptake. Despite these robust general patterns, there remains uncertainty about the importance and interplay of specific demographic and socio-economic factors.…”

“…Despite these robust general patterns, there remains uncertainty about the importance and interplay of specific demographic and socio-economic factors. Studies building on aggregated indicators at various area levels [13] , [17] may be subject to ecological bias and therefore limited in their ability to pinpoint specific vulnerable social groups or identify how demographic and socio-economic characteristics interact. Individual level analyses allow more granular approaches but data are generally limited to a specific sample of the population within the framework of a specific study.…”