Underlying Causes of High Output Heart Failure

Abstract

In the U.S., each year, there are more than 500,000 new cases of all types of heart failure. With high output cardiac failure, there is an elevated cardiac output associated with several conditions and diseases, including obesity, chronic anemia, systemic arterio-venous fistula, hypercapnia, mitochondrial dysfunction, and hyperthyroidism. The underlying pathophysiologic mechanisms relate to a reduction in systemic vascular resistance from arterio-venous shunting or peripheral vasodilation. Often there is a decrease in systemic arterial blood pressure and neurohormonal activation leading to heart failure symptoms of dyspnea and fatigue. In a persistent high output state, patients may experience tachycardia, valvular abnormalities, and ventricular dilatation and/or hypertrophy. In this article, there is a review of high output heart failure, including the prevalence, pathophysiology, and common clinical causes of this disease.

Kardiomiopati Tirotoksikosis

“…Tanda dan gejala ini akan memberat seiring dengan meningkatnya status metabolik tubuh yang dikompensasi oleh jantung melalui peningkatan curah jantung dan remodelling miokardium. 1,15 Evaluasi fungsi tiroid dilakukan dengan pemeriksaan hormon tiroid free T3 (FT3), free T4 (FT4), TSH, thyrotropin receptor antibodies (TRAb), pemindaian radioisotop, ultrasonografi tiroid, dan biopsi jarum halus. Pemeriksaan FT4 bersamaan dengan TSH dapat menunjang akurasi diagnosis gangguan fungsi tiroid karena kadar TSH serum sering berubah akibat aktivitas obat ataupun infeksi akut.…”