Undersampled-Based Modulation Schemes for Optical Camera Communications

Luo, Pengfei; Zhang, Min; Ghassemlooy, Zabih; Zvánovec, Stanislav; Feng, Shulan; Zhang, Philipp

doi:10.1109/mcom.2018.1601017

Cited by 74 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…A similar approach was followed in [31] where the authors have presented the design and implementations issues of OCC. Furthermore, the authors in [32], reviewed different Comparison between all of the surveys mentioned above is presented in Table 2. In this survey, we cover the existing literature on OCC, including the standardization, channel characterization, modulation, coding, synchronization, localization, navigation, motion capture, and intelligent transportation systems.…”

Section: Related Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical camera communications: Survey, use cases, challenges, and future trends

Saeed

Guo

Park

et al. 2019

Physical Communication

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Recently, a camera or an image sensor receiver based optical wireless communications (OWC) techniques have attracted particular interest in areas such as the internet of things, indoor localization, motion capture, and intelligent transportation systems. As a supplementary technique of high-speed OWC based on photo-detectors, communications hinging on image sensors as receivers do not need much modification to the current infrastructure, such that the implementation complexity and cost are quite low. Therefore, in this paper, we present a comprehensive survey of optical camera communication (OCC) techniques, and their use in localization, navigation, and motion capture. This survey is distinguishable from the existing reviews on this topic by covering multiple aspects of OCC and its various applications. The first part of the paper focuses on the standardization, channel characterization, modulation, coding, synchronization, and signal processing techniques for OCC systems while the second part of the article presents the literature on OCC based localization, navigation, motion capture, and intelligent transportation systems. Finally, in the last part of the paper, we present the challenges and future research directions of OCC.(OCC) [5]. FSO communication systems consist of a laser diode (LD) transmitter and a photodiode (PD) receiver. It typically relies on UV or visible bands, offers high rate transmission in a long distance, and can be used for a backhaul of communication networks. However, FSO communications need a strict alignment, and consequently, their cost at transceivers is high. Also, FSO communication systems suffer from atmospheric turbulence which can be mitigated by using different statistical channel models [6,7,8,9,10], robust modulation techniques [11,12], and accurate pointing and tracking methods [13,14,15]. On the other hand, VLC hinging on visible bands is an LD or light emitting diode (LED) transmitter and PD receiver-based medium-range communication technology. VLC is capable of offering high data rate within a range of tens of meters but does not consider multiple user access. The advancement of VLC systems has also led to enable various location aware indoor applications. Recently, several indoor localization systems based on VLC are proposed [16,17,18,19,20]. Interested readers are referred to [21,22], and the references therein for VLC based indoor localization and tracking methods. Nevertheless, the VLC technology suffers from both limited coverage and interference. Increasing the field of view of the LEDs improves the coverage; however, it increases the interference at the receiver. Signal-to-interference ratio based methods can be used to analyze the coverage and interference problems in VLC systems [23]. Different from VLC, Li-Fi is an LED transmitter based light networking technology that involves multiple user access, bidirectional communications, multi-cell handover, etc. The emerging Li-Fi supports mobile communica-

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Section: Related Surveysmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optical camera communications: Survey, use cases, challenges, and future trends

Saeed

Guo

Park

et al. 2019

Physical Communication

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“…For an OCC system, researchers have developed many modulation techniques to overcome several limitations or to improve system performance, depending on the receiver parameters. Generally, these modulation techniques are divided into three types: screen-modulation, under-sampled modulation, and oversampled modulation [21]. However, screen-based modulation techniques are not preferable because of their short range (10-110 cm) communication system [17].…”

Section: Modulations and Encodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The frequency shift on-off keying (FSOOK) modulation technique is the simplest among all the techniques that employ the undersampling mechanism. In this scheme, two frequencies are exploited to represent 1 and 0, called "mark" and "space" [8,21], respectively. One of the frequencies is represented as the integer multiple of the camera frame rate.…”

Section: Modulations and Encodingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Smartphone Camera-Based Optical Wireless Communication System: Requirements and Implementation Challenges

et al. 2019

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Visible light and infrared bands of the optical spectrum used for optical camera communication (OCC) are becoming a promising technology nowadays. Researchers are proposing new OCC-based architectures and applications in both indoor and outdoor systems using the embedded cameras on smartphones, with a view to making them user-friendly. Smartphones have useful features for developing applications using the complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor cameras, which can receive data from optical transmitters. However, several challenges have arisen in increasing the capacity and communication range, owing to the limitations of current cameras and implementation complexities. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the OCC technology requirements and opportunities using smartphone cameras from an implementation point of view. Furthermore, we demonstrate an OCC system using a low frame rate smartphone camera to particularly analyze the requirements and critical implementation challenges. Also, some possible solutions are provided with a view to improving the overall system capacity, communication distance, and stability.

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“…Current commercial cameras are configured with low frame rates (in most cases, 30-50 frames per second). This configuration particularly reduces the modulation bandwidth of OCC [35,36]. It is also worth noting that the LED flickering must not be observed by human eyes (equivalent to a threshold of approximately 100 Hz [37]).…”

Section: System Overviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fuzzy Based Network Assignment and Link‐Switching Analysis in Hybrid OCC/LiFi System

Hasan

Chowdhury

Shahjalal

et al. 2018

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing

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In recent times, optical wireless communications (OWC) have become attractive research interest in mobile communication for its inexpensiveness and high-speed data transmission capability and it is already recognized as complementary to radio-frequency (RF) based technologies. Light fidelity (LiFi) and optical camera communication (OCC) are two promising OWC technologies that use a photo detector (PD) and a camera, respectively, to receive optical pulses. These communication systems can be implemented in all kinds of environments using existing light-emitting diode (LED) infrastructures to transmit data. However, both networking layers suffer from several limitations. An excellent solution to overcoming these limitations is the integration of OCC and LiFi. In this paper, we propose a hybrid OCC and LiFi architecture to improve the quality-of-service (QoS) of users. A network assignment mechanism is developed for the hybrid system. A dynamic link-switching technique for efficient handover management between networks is proposed afterward which includes switching provisioning based on user mobility and detailed network switching flow analysis. Fuzzy logic (FL) is used to develop the proposed mechanisms. A time-division multiple access (TDMA) based approach, called round-robin scheduling (RRS), is also adopted to ensure fairness in time resource allocation while serving multiple users using the same LED in the hybrid system. Furthermore, simulation results are presented taking different practical application scenarios into consideration. The performance analysis of the network assignment mechanism, which is provided at the end of the paper, demonstrates the importance and feasibility of the proposed scheme.

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Undersampled-Based Modulation Schemes for Optical Camera Communications

Cited by 74 publications

References 13 publications

Optical camera communications: Survey, use cases, challenges, and future trends

Optical camera communications: Survey, use cases, challenges, and future trends

Smartphone Camera-Based Optical Wireless Communication System: Requirements and Implementation Challenges

Fuzzy Based Network Assignment and Link‐Switching Analysis in Hybrid OCC/LiFi System

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