Understanding Animal-Plant-Parasite Interactions to Improve the Management of Gastrointestinal Nematodes in Grazing Ruminants

Abstract

Grazing systems have great potential to promote animal welfare by allowing animals to express natural behaviours, but they also present risks to the animals. Diseases caused by gastrointestinal nematodes are some of the most important causes of poor ruminant health and welfare in grazing systems and cause important economic losses. Reduced growth, health, reproduction and fitness, and negative affective states that indicate suffering are some of the negative effects on welfare in animals infected by gastrointestinal nematode parasitism. Conventional forms of control are based on anthelmintics, but their growing inefficiency due to resistance to many drugs, their potential for contamination of soil and products, and negative public opinion indicate an urgency to seek alternatives. We can learn to deal with these challenges by observing biological aspects of the parasite and the host’s behaviour to develop managements that have a multidimensional view that vary in time and space. Improving animal welfare in the context of the parasitic challenge in grazing systems should be seen as a priority to ensure the sustainability of livestock production. Among the measures to control gastrointestinal nematodes and increase animal welfare in grazing systems are the management and decontamination of pastures, offering multispecies pastures, and grazing strategies such as co-grazing with other species that have different grazing behaviours, rotational grazing with short grazing periods, and improved nutrition. Genetic selection to improve herd or flock parasite resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection may also be incorporated into a holistic control plan, aiming at a substantial reduction in the use of anthelmintics and endectocides to make grazing systems more sustainable.

An appraisal of traditional knowledge of plant poisoning of livestock and its validation through acute toxicity assay in rats

“…Saponins can cause skin inflammation, liver issues, agitation, burning of skin, and necrosis, leading to kidney failure in livestock ( Tadesse et al, 2017 ). Poisonous herbs and shrubs pose the greatest threat to grazing animals ( Baloch et al, 2017 ; Bricarello et al, 2023 ). As in our case, both life forms were commonly available in the study area for cattle, whereas tree forage was typically offered to them by herders under food shortage.…”

Emerging alternatives to traditional anthelmintics: the in vitro antiparasitic activity of silver and selenium nanoparticles, and pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel extract against Haemonchus contortus

“…Helminthiasis is a major obstacle to the development of livestock production, causing enormous economic losses in grazing areas (Adduci et al 2022 ; Bricarello et al 2023 ; Flay et al 2022 ; Sargison 2012 ). Heavy infection of livestock with nematodes is one of the main causes of increased mortality, reduced meat production, and low fertility rates .…”

Advances in the Control of the Helminthosis in Domestic Animals

“…Management. Bricarello et al asserted that genetic selection to improve herd or flock parasite resistance to gastrointestinal nematode infection may also be incorporated into a holistic control plan, aiming at a substantial reduction in the use of anthelmintics and endectocides to make grazing systems more sustainable [ 9 ]. Biological control.…”