Understanding Electrodeposition of Chitosan–Hydroxyapatite Structures for Regeneration of Tubular-Shaped Tissues and Organs

Abstract

Tubular-shaped hydrogel structures were obtained in the process of cathodic electrodeposition from a chitosan–hydroxyapatite solution carried out in a cylindrical geometry. The impact of the initial concentration of solution components (i.e., chitosan, hydroxyapatite, and lactic acid) and process parameters (i.e., time and voltage) on the mass and structural properties of deposit was examined. Commercially available chitosan differs in average molecular weight and deacetylation degree; therefore, these parameters were also studied. The application of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry allowed obtaining fundamental information about the type of bonds and interactions created in electrodeposited structures. Biocompatible tubular implants are highly desired in the field of regeneration or replacement of tubular-shaped tissues and organs; therefore, the possibility of obtaining deposits with the desired structural properties is highly anticipated.

Anodic Electrodeposition of Chitosan–AgNP Composites Using In Situ Coordination with Copper Ions

“…In general, all samples were characterized by very similar FT-IR spectra. A strong, wide band in the region of 3385–3246 cm −1 corresponded to O-H stretching and N-H symmetrical vibrations originating from water and amide groups, respectively [ 27 , 39 , 40 ]. The band at 1655 cm −1 was the amide I band originating from the C=O and N-H stretching vibrations in the glucosamine unit.…”

“…The peak at 1335 cm −1 was, probably, the amide III deformation vibration of the C–H bond linked to the N–H group. These three amide bands are usually observed in chitosan-based materials [ 27 , 39 , 40 ]. The next band at 1393 cm −1 was related to the –C–O– stretching of –CH 2 –OH group in chitosan [ 42 ].…”

“…Through this mechanism, initially dissolved CS forms a stable hydrogel on the cathode surface due to a local increase in pH caused by the oxygen reduction reaction. This technique is also useful for the deposition of CS-based composites [ 2 , 26 , 27 ]. In aqueous suspensions, protonated chitosan macromolecules can adsorb on the surface of the dispersed particles, forming positively charged core-shell structures that are then moved towards the cathode surface under an applied electrical field [ 2 ].…”

Antimicrobial Food Packaging with Biodegradable Polymers and Bacteriocins

“…Chitosan is a polysaccharide of N -acetyl- d -glucosamine and d -glucosamine units and it is mainly obtained by the partial deacetylation of chitin [ 6 , 28 , 32 , 40 , 41 ]. Chitosan is commercially obtained through partial deacetylation of chitin, leading to the formation of N -acetyl-glucosamine and d -glucosamine copolymers.…”

A Brief Insight to the Electrophoretic Deposition of PEEK-, Chitosan-, Gelatin-, and Zein-Based Composite Coatings for Biomedical Applications: Recent Developments and Challenges

“…The freedom to manipulate nanoparticles in the suspension has brought a lot of new interest to the process. The adjustable shape of the substrates, deposition of materials at room temperature, and the possibility to adjust the thickness as well as the morphology of the coatings by optimizing process parameters, such as applied voltage, the concentration of suspension, and deposition time, make EPD a Surfaces 2021, 4 206 potential processing method for depositing biopolymers for research purposes and also at large scale [20,21].…”