Understanding enzymatic acceleration at nanoparticle interfaces: Approaches and challenges

Increasing the activity of immobilized enzymes with nanoparticle conjugation

“…These inherent properties make NPs advantageous for a wide variety of biologically-geared applications including biological/chemical sensing [15,16], clean energy generation [17], biodiesel production [18], drug delivery [19], and disease diagnostics [20]. Perhaps one of the more promising aspects of NPs is their apparent ability to enhance, in some cases, the activity and performance of immobilized enzymes [21 ]. This article considers the underlying mechanisms behind enhanced performance of enzyme-NP conjugates and highlights the state-of-theart nanomaterials that are being incorporated into such systems.…”

“…This proposed substrate-NP association or attraction would subsequently lead to a higher concentration of substrate near the periphery of the NP as opposed to the bulk environment which would further enhance the activity of enzymes immobilized on NPs than floating free in solution [32]. This motion is described in the literature as a process in which first reversible adsorption of the enzyme onto the NP surface takes place, followed by complete digestion of the substrate onto the NP, and finally desorption of the substrate for similar interactions with other NPs [21 ]. These five enzyme-NP physicochemical mechanisms are succinctly outlined in Figure 1, illustrated in the representative enzyme-nanomaterial conjugates presented in the following sections, and summarized in Table 1.…”

Utility of Functionalized Agarose Nanoparticles in Hydrolyzing Lactose in Batch Reactors for Dairy Industries

“…[9][10][11][12] Last decade witnessed the profound impact of heterogeneous catalysis on chemicals and fuels production, environmental protection, remediation, processing of consumer products and development of advanced materials. 13 Improvement in catalytic activity and selectivity holds the key for developing efficient catalytic processes. This can be achieved by tailoring materials with desired microstructure and active component dispersion in order to bring significant advances in the field of catalysis.…”

Functionalized agarose as an effective and novel matrix for immobilizing Cicer arietinum β-galactosidase and its application in lactose hydrolysis

“…This obstruction can be addressed by coupling of enzyme with a suitable support material. Immobilized enzymes offer several advantages like enhanced stability, easier product recovery, protection of enzymes against inactivating agents and proteolysis (Grosova et al, 2008;Johnson et al, 2014). It also prevents the enzyme from denaturation and helps to retain the immobilized enzyme in biochemical reactors to further catalyze the subsequent feed and offer more economical use of biocatalysts in industry, waste treatment and in the development of bioprocess monitoring devices like biosensors (Betancor et al, 2008;Gurdas et al, 2010;Husain et al, 2011).…”