With the rapid development of online education, it has become crucial to assess and ensure the quality of online teaching in various fields, including sports rehabilitation. This paper aims to construct an evaluation index system for measuring the quality of online teaching in the context of sports rehabilitation and conduct empirical research to validate its effectiveness. In the construction of the evaluation index system, a comprehensive and systematic approach was adopted. Through literature review, expert consultation, and data analysis, a set of key indicators relevant to online teaching quality in sports rehabilitation was identified. These indicators cover various aspects, such as content design, teaching methods, interaction, assessment, and student satisfaction. To validate the effectiveness of the evaluation index system, empirical research was conducted. A sample of sports rehabilitation online courses was selected, and data was collected through surveys and assessments. The collected data were analyzed using statistical methods to examine the relationship between the evaluation index system and the overall teaching quality. The research findings indicate that the evaluation index system for online teaching quality in sports rehabilitation is reliable and valid. It effectively captures the essential elements that contribute to effective online teaching and provides a reliable measure of teaching quality. Moreover, it offers valuable insights and practical guidance for educators and institutions to enhance their online teaching practices in the field of sports rehabilitation.