Understanding Factors That Influence Fear of Drowning in Children and Adolescents

Irwin, Carol C.; Pharr, Jennifer R.; Irwin, Richard L.

doi:10.25035/ijare.09.02.05

Cited by 8 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…The research team had conducted similar research in the past, with a Phase I study in 2008 and a Phase II study in 2010 [ 23 , 27 , 28 , 29 , 30 ]. The survey was previously validated [ 27 , 28 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Swimming Ability among Children and Adolescents in the United States

Pharr

Irwin

Layne

et al. 2018

Sports

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Swimming is an important source of physical activity and a life skill to prevent drowning. However, little research has been conducted to understand predictors of swimming ability. The purpose of this study was to understand factors that predict swimming ability among children and adolescents in the United States (US). This was a cross-sectional survey conducted between February and April of 2017 across five geographically diverse cities. Participants were accessed through the Young Christian Men’s Association (YMCA) and included parents of children aged 4–11 years old and adolescents aged 12–17 years old. Independent t-test, analysis of variance (ANOVA), and univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Several factors were significant (p ≤ 0.05) predictors of swimming ability and explained 53% of the variance in swimming ability. Variables that were positively associated with swimming ability included: ability of parent(s) to swim, child/adolescent age, a best friend who enjoys swimming, water-safety knowledge, pool open all year, and encouragement to swim from parent(s). Variables that were negatively associated with swimming ability included: fear of drowning, being African American, and being female. Interventions and programs to improve the swimming ability of children and adolescents could be developed with these predictors in mind.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Predictors of Swimming Ability among Children and Adolescents in the United States

Pharr

Irwin

Layne

et al. 2018

Sports

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“…Swimming instruction was conducted based on a program developed by the Cracow School Sports Center, during the school year, once a week for 45 min. The program included adaptation to the aquatic environment (lessons 1-6), teaching swimming using basic techniques (lessons 7-13), teaching backstroke swimming (lessons [14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22], teaching front crawl swimming (lessons [23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], and swimming tests (lessons [34][35]. A detailed description of the swimming program is presented in Supplementary File S1.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to many researchers, the biggest problem in the first stage of teaching and learning to swim is the fear of water, caused by motor limitations, difficulty in maintaining balance, and a sense of threat to health, well-being, or life [16,20,[29][30][31][32][33]. Fear of water is considered the strongest predictor of no or little progress in learning to swim [22,34,35].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Individual Determinants as the Causes of Failure in Learning to Swim with the Example of 10-Year-Old Children

Ostrowski

Stanula

Swinarew

et al. 2022

IJERPH

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Background: The purpose of the present study was to identify which, and to what extent, selected individual determinants of 10-year-old children may limit the final achievement in learning to swim. In view of the above, the research hypothesis was formulated that some children, despite regular attendance at swimming classes, do not achieve the learning outcomes set in the curriculum. The reason for this may be unfavorable (compared to their peers) morphological and functional characteristics, coordination motor abilities, and problems with fear of water. Methods: The study was conducted on a group of 271 students from the third grade of elementary schools who could not swim when they entered the physical education classes at the swimming pool and then participated in at least 25 swimming lessons during the school year. After these classes, the students performed swimming tests, and their somatic and functional characteristics and coordination motor abilities were measured. Results: In 46.1% of the participants, the final achievement level was lower than assumed in the school curriculum. The biggest problem for teachers and students in the initial teaching and learning to swim was the high fear of water, especially among girls. Furthermore, children characterized by lower body height and body weight, a lower sum of three skinfolds, and lower BMI had problems with progress in swimming. Despite the differences, these values did not correlate significantly with the final achievement level in swimming, except for body height in boys. Slower progress in swimming was also associated with lower vital capacity, whereas no relationship was found between final achievement level in swimming and trunk flexibility or foot mobility. However, significant correlations occurred for coordination motor abilities, as in almost all tests the participants characterized by the achievement level below the objectives set out in the curriculum performed significantly worse than children in the group with the achievement level meeting the objectives. Conclusions: In many cases, children who begin learning to swim from scratch make significant progress, but for many of them, the achievement levels are lower than the requirements set out in the school curriculum. The biggest problem for teachers and students in the initial teaching and learning to swim was the high fear of water, especially among girls.

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“…Although the real cause of drowning can vary from one context to another, water competence is a vital aspect for survival [9,13,17,18]. Fear of water is an important factor to consider as associated with avoidance of water, low aquatic skills level and high risk of drowning in children or adolescents [19][20][21][22]. Another critical factor is a child's self-perception of drowning risk in various aquatic situations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Face and Content Validity of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence in Young Children

et al. 2022

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An international group of experts have developed a pictorial tool to measure perceived water competence for children aged from 5 to 8 years old: the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence (PSPWC). The aim of the present study was to verify the validity of this tool. In the first part of the study, 120 children were interviewed to investigate face validity of the PSPWC to ensure that all pictorial items were understandable. In the second part of the study, 13 scientific and/or pedagogical international experts were invited to assess the tool’s content validity via an online survey. Face validity results revealed that children were able to understand and sequence correctly the aquatic situations in 92% of the cases. The average Content Validity Index (CVI) of the PSPWC ranged from 0.88 to 0.95, showing acceptable content validity. Feedback from experts and children resulted in a major improvement of the “exit water” situation and minor improvements concerning some other items. Experts confirmed that the PSPWC was globally appropriate for different countries and cultures, except for the situation “water entry by slide” which was not considered usual practice in some countries. The PSPWC opens up to new fields of research; useful both for the prevention of drowning and for the support of children’s aquatic education.

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Understanding Factors That Influence Fear of Drowning in Children and Adolescents

Cited by 8 publications

References 14 publications

Predictors of Swimming Ability among Children and Adolescents in the United States

Predictors of Swimming Ability among Children and Adolescents in the United States

Individual Determinants as the Causes of Failure in Learning to Swim with the Example of 10-Year-Old Children

Face and Content Validity of the Pictorial Scale of Perceived Water Competence in Young Children

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