Understanding Forced Marriage in the United States: Developing Measures, Examining its Nature, and Assessing Gender Disparities

Abstract

In Western European countries and Canada, an emerging scholarly literature has helped inform awareness and prevention efforts and justice system responses to address forced marriages. But, little is known about this issue in the United States. The present study, the first large scale examination of forced marriage prevalence in the United States, surveys a national sample of Internet users over 18 years of age. Using a Google Consumer Survey platform, this exploratory study seeks to estimate prevalence of and gender disparities in forced marriages for this sample; examine conditions and circumstances associated with forced marriage; develop adequate measurement tools to identify individuals who have faced forced marriage; and better understand how and to what extent those experiencing forced marriage face psychological abuse from intimate partners and access victim services. Contrary to the experiences of legal and social service providers, findings indicate that more men than women reported forced marriage experiences. The discrepancy between this finding and prior research underscores the need to further develop survey measures and reconsider closed-ended, web-based survey screener questions such as the one used to identify respondents experiencing forced marriage in this study. These considerations may help identify victims with better precision and locate the underlying causes of gender disparities in forced marriage. In addition, many respondents reported entering forced marriages while facing concerns over their own or their family’s reputation and threats of harm (to themselves or self-harm of a family member).A majority of respondents also reported experiencing psychological intimate partner violence and seeking help, particularly from law enforcement and for medical assistance. This large overlap between forced marriage and psychological intimate partner violence, as well as between forced marriage and seeking help from law enforcement and medical assistance providers, indicates that service provision needs are notably acute for this population..

Police Understandings of and Responses to a Complex Vignette of “Honour”-Based Crime and Forced Marriage

“…While strategies have been implemented in the United Kingdom to assess risk, train police officers, raise public awareness, and collect national police data to support victims of HBC, police remain inconsistent in responding to HBV (Gill & Harrison, 2016;Idriss, 2018) and scholars continue to focus on the need to improve the criminal justice system response (Gill, 2009;Gill et al, 2012;Hague et al, 2013;Hall, 2014). Existing scholarship has focused on the variations in victims' and survivors' lived experiences of HBV (Gill et al, 2018;Khan et al, 2018;Withaeckx & Coene, 2014), FM (Chantler et al, 2009;Chantler & McCarry, 2020;Esthappan et al, 2018;Gill et al, 2018;Jaspal, 2014;Samad, 2010). Interviews with women impacted by these acts of violence help us better understand the experience of reporting them to the police, whose responses vary unpredictably and may even do further harm (Gill et al, 2018;Idriss, 2018;Mulvihill et al, 2019).…”

“…As a feminist scholar, I conceptualize FM as a form of VAWG. FM violates human rights and is considerably different from an arranged marriage 2 (Chantler, 2012;Chantler & McCarry, 2020;Gill & Anitha, 2011) in that an FM is entered into without the full and free consent of one or both parties, and duress is involved (Anis et al, 2013;Chantler, 2012), including emotional or physical threats and coercion (Anis et al, 2013;Esthappan et al, 2018). FM is a hidden problem: its warning signs are often missed by professionals (see Anis et al, 2013;Chantler & McCarry, 2020).…”