Understanding Growth and Malnutrition in Baka Pygmy Children

Funk, Stephan M.; Guerra, Belén Palomo; Zamora, Amalia Bueno; Ickowitz, Amy; Poni, Nicias Afoumpam; Abdou, Mohamadou Aminou; Sibama, Yaya Hadam; Penda, René; Brull, Guillermo Ros; Abossolo, Martin; Martin, Eva Ávila; Okale, Robert; Ze, Blaise Ango; Carrión, Ananda Moreno; Sebastián, C. García; García, Cristina Ruiz de Loizaga; Salazar, Francisco López Romero; Amazia, Hissein; Reyes, Idoia Álvarez; Expósito, Rafaela Sánchez; Fa, John E.

doi:10.1007/s10745-020-00161-5

Cited by 4 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 60 publications

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“…Some of the prevalence are 18% in Niger, 15.5% in Burkina Faso, 12.7% in Mali, 11.1% in Comoros, 8.7% in Ethiopia, 6.2% in Namibia, 13% in Chad, and 10.5% in Sao Tomé and Príncipe [ 19 ]. It is 5.3% in Ghana [ 20 ] and 25.5% in Baka Pygmy [ 21 ]. Wasting is common in children aged <5 years and school-age children in Ethiopia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Child Wasting in Ethiopia: Cross-sectional Analysis of 2019 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data Using Generalized Linear Latent and Mixed Models

Gilano¹,

Hailegebreal²,

Sako³

et al. 2023

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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Background Wasting is an immediate, visible, and life-threatening form of undernutrition in children aged <5 years. Within a short time, wasting causes recurrent sickness, delayed physical and mental growth, impatience, poor feeding, and low body weight. The long-term consequences of wasting and undernutrition are stunting, inability to learn, poor health status, and poor work performance. Wasting remains a public health problem in Ethiopia. According to the World Health Organization, countries have to reduce undernutrition including child wasting to below 5% by 2025. Ethiopia is attempting to attain national and international targets of undernutrition while struggling with many problems. Objective This study aimed to identify the prevalence and associated factors of wasting to provide information for further renewing policy commitments. Methods We used community-based, cross-sectional data from the Ethiopian Mini Demographic and Health Survey. The survey was conducted in 9 regions and 2 city administrations. Two-stage cluster sampling was used to recruit study participants. In the first stage, enumerations areas were selected, and 28-35 households per enumeration area were selected in the second stage. Our analysis included 2016 women with children aged <5 years from the 2019 EMDHS data set. We dropped incomplete records and included all women who fulfilled the eligibility criteria. We used multilevel ordinal regression using Generalized Linear Latent and Mixed Models (GLLAMM) and predicted probability with log-likelihood ratio tests. Fulfilling the proportional odds model’s assumption during the application of multilevel ordinary logistic regression was a cumbersome task. GLLAMM enabled us to perform the multilevel proportional odds model using an alternative method. Results In our analysis, wasting was 7.68% (95% CI 6.56%-8.93%). Around 26.82% of mothers never used antenatal care for their current child. Most mothers (52.2%) did not have formal education, and 86.8% did not have postnatal care for their children. Additionally, half (50.93%) of the mothers have ≥6 household members. Wasting was associated with feeding diverse foods (coefficient 4.90, 95% CI 4.90-4.98), female sex of the household head (–40.40, 95% CI –40.41 to –40.32), home delivery (–35.51, 95% CI –35.55 to –35.47), first (16.66, 95% CI, 16.60-16.72) and second (16.65, 95% CI 16.60-16.70) birth order, female child (–12.65, 95% CI –12.69 to –12.62), and household size of 1 to 3 (10.86, 95% CI 10.80-10.92). Conclusions According to the target set by World Health Organization for reducing undernutrition in children aged <5 years to below 5% by 2025, child wasting of 7.68% in Ethiopia should spark an immediate reaction from the government and stakeholders. Informed policy decisions, technology-based child-feeding education, and food self-sufficiency support could improve the current challenges. Additional effort is important to improve low maternal education, family planning, awareness of sex preferences, women empowerment, and maternal health services.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding Child Wasting in Ethiopia: Cross-sectional Analysis of 2019 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey Data Using Generalized Linear Latent and Mixed Models

Gilano¹,

Hailegebreal²,

Sako³

et al. 2023

JMIR Public Health Surveill

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“…However, the Baka pygmies, like most of the world's indigenous populations, face many problems such as social exclusion, isolation, malnutrition, low economic and schooling levels, environmental problems due to deforestation, poor health conditions, and inequality in terms of access to and availability of health care resources [2,[22][23][24].…”

Section: The Baka Pygmiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Descriptive Study of Oral Health in an Indigenous Child Population of Baka Pygmies in Cameroon

Poni,

Ribas-Pérez,

Flores-Fraile

et al. 2023

Dentistry Journal

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Indigenous populations around the world experience a disproportionate burden of oral diseases and health conditions. These inequalities are likely due to a complex web of socioeconomic, cultural, and health determinants. The Baka pygmies of southern Cameroon find themselves in this context of an indigenous population with health inequities. The purpose of this study was to describe the oral health status, diet, hygiene habits, and access to health services of the Baka pygmy children, from which different care needs will emerge in order to develop health strategies. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in 22 Baka pygmy camps randomly selected. The study population consisted of children aged 5–6 years and 11–12 years chosen by a consecutive sampling technique. The examination was performed using a data sheet based on World Health Organization (WHO) criteria and recommendations which consisted of an oral health questionnaire for children and an oral health assessment form for children. A total of 120 children participated in the study. Extraoral examination of the study population revealed the presence of noma (1%) in the age range of 5–6 years. A total of 2713 teeth were examined, and the DMFT/dft index of the sample was 0.71 with a predominant caries component. The periodontal status showed 87% bleeding on probing. Seven percent of the sample presented a need for immediate urgent treatment due to pain and/or infection. Eighty-seven percent of the sample reported never having been examined by a dentist. The examination and oral care they received was only from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). The conclusion of this descriptive study is that the precarious oral health situation of pygmy children combined with the absence of care services in general for the Baka pygmies generate a situation of great vulnerability.

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“…Other BRI outputs -including focused work with communities (see Section 5.3), much of it novel -have influenced regional and global perspectives. BRI's work has also generated a better understanding of Indigenous Peoples, including broader perspectives on the global distribution of their lands (Garnett et al 2018); the distribution of Pygmies in the Congo Basin (Olivero et al 2016); the importance of Indigenous Peoples' lands for biodiversity protection (Fa et al 2020;O'Bryan et al 2020); health issues afflicting Pygmy groups in Cameroon (Funk et al 2020a(Funk et al , 2020b; and the importance of wild meat hunting to African Pygmies (Fa et al 2016(Fa et al , 2021b.…”

Section: Center For International Forestry Research Ciformentioning

confidence: 99%