Understanding Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection

Tan, Yee‐Joo; Lim, Seng Gee; Hong, Wanjin

doi:10.2174/157016206775197600

Cited by 10 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 137 publications

(156 reference statements)

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“…Chronic HCV infection can lead to severe liver disease that is enhanced by HIV-1 coinfection and that can persist during ART that suppresses the HIV-1 load (46). The T-cell immunity induced by DCs is considered to be important in the host control of HCV infection (17).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…HCV infection persists, however, in most infected individuals, which is associated with variable, residual HCV-specific cellular immune responses and chronic HCV infection in the liver. Moreover, persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) can have a more aggressive course of liver disease (46). This is of particular concern, in that control of HIV-1 infection with combination antiretroviral therapy (ART) can have little effect on the progressive, severe liver disease caused by chronic HCV infection.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Dendritic Cell Function during Chronic Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Zheng

Huang

Kaliński

et al. 2007

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection can persist despite HCV-specific T-cell immunity and can have a more aggressive course in persons coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). Defects in antigen-presenting, myeloid dendritic cells (DCs) could underlie this T-cell dysfunction. Here we show that monocyte-derived DCs from persons with chronic HCV infection, with or without HIV-1 coinfection, being treated with combination antiretroviral therapy produced lower levels of interleukin 12 (IL-12) p70 in response to CD40 ligand (CD40L), whereas the expression of DC surface activation and costimulatory molecules was unimpaired. The deficiency in IL-12 production could be overcome by addition of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) with CD40L, resulting in very high, comparable levels of IL-12 production by DCs from HCV- and HIV-1-infected subjects. Smaller amounts of IL-12 p70 were produced by DCs treated with the immune modulators tumor necrosis factor alpha and IL-1β, with or without IFN-γ, and the amounts did not differ among the uninfected and infected subjects. Blocking of IL-10 with an anti-IL-10 monoclonal antibody in the CD40L-stimulated DC cultures from HCV-infected persons increased the level of IL-12 p70 production. The ability of DCs from HCV-infected persons to stimulate allogeneic CD4+ T cells or induce IL-2, IL-5, or IL-10 in a mixed lymphocyte reaction was not impaired. Thus, myeloid DCs derived from persons with chronic HCV infection or with both HCV and HIV-1 infections have defects in IL-12 p70 production related to IL-10 activity that can be overcome by treatment of the DCs with CD40L and IFN-γ. DCs from these infected subjects have a normal capacity to stimulate CD4+ T cells. The functional effectiveness of DCs derived from HCV-infected individuals provides a rationale for the DC-based immunotherapy of chronic HCV infection.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Dendritic Cell Function during Chronic Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Zheng

Huang

Kaliński

et al. 2007

Clin Vaccine Immunol

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“…Chronic HCV infection is now the leading cause of death, after AIDS-related complications, among HIV-infected individuals in areas where highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is available. HIV coinfection exacerbates HCV, thereby increasing the likelihood of cirrhosis and HCV-related mortality ( 5 - 9 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Epidemiological Distribution and Genotype Characterization of the Hepatitis C Virus Among HIV Patients in Kashan, Iran

2016

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BackgroundParenteral transmission is a common route of transmission for both human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV); therefore, hepatitis C viral infection is highly prevalent among people infected with HIV.ObjectivesThis study was designed to examine the epidemiology and describe the clinical manifestation as well as the HCV genotypes in patients from the city of Kashan, Iran, who are coinfected with HIV and HCV.Patients and MethodsThis descriptive study was conducted in 2014 in the city of Kashan. The population consisted of all the HIV-infected patients who were referred to the behavioral counseling center and jail in Kashan. Demographic information and HCV- and HIV-related risk behaviors were obtained through the use of an interviewer-assisted questionnaire. After the participants gave written informed consent to participate, 10 cc venous blood samples were collected. The serum samples were screened for HCV infection using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). In the event of a positive test for HCV, the RNA was then amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification. The HCV subtypes were determined via the direct sequencing of the amplicons. All data analysis was performed using SPSS version 16.0 for the descriptive statistics, and then the chi-square test and Pearson coefficient were performed for additional analysis.ResultsThe results of the analysis indicated that 54 (85%) of the 63 HIV-infected patients were males who were also HCV positive and who had less than a high school level education. There was a significant association between HCV infection and both occupation (P < 0.0001) and level of education (P < 0.05). All the HIV/HCV coinfected cases had a history of illicit drug use, while 92.6% had a history of imprisonment and 40.7% had high risk sexual contacts. Overall, genotype 1 was found in 75.9% of HCV patients, while genotype 3 was found in 24.1%. Some 94.4% of HCV patients had subtype A. There were no clinical symptoms of chronic hepatitis C.ConclusionsThe majority of HIV-infected persons in the city of Kashan were also HCV positive. Genotype 1 was the predominant type, alongside subtype A. Considering the high prevalence of HCV among the HIV-infected persons, as well as the impact of occupation, education, illicit drug use, and imprisonment on the incidence of both infections, health policy makers must introduce health programs and plans to reduce the prevalence of these infections.

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“…In LT recipients, HBV in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) has been implicated in graft reinfection with a specific lymphoid cell–derived viral variant [21–24]. In other viral infections, such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), viral diversity is linked to disease progression and development of drug resistance [25], but HBV genetic variation in liver vs extrahepatic compartments is not well recognized. An additional factor in the maintenance of chronic hepatitis B is the existence of the stable HBV replicative intermediate, covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) [26–28].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular characterization of intrahepatic and extrahepatic hepatitis B virus (HBV) reservoirs in patients on suppressive antiviral therapy

Coffin

Mulrooney‐Cousins

Peters

et al. 2011

Journal of Viral Hepatitis

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SUMMARY The hepatitis B virus (HBV) replicates via an error-prone reverse transcriptase generating potential drug-resistant quasispecies. The degree of HBV variability in liver vs peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) in patients on long-term suppressive antivirals is unclear. We characterized HBV replication, drug resistance and molecular diversity in patients with plasma HBV DNA undetectable by clinical assays. Explant liver (n = 9), PBMC (n = 6) and plasma (n = 7) from nine such patients undergoing liver transplantation were evaluated for HBV genomes by sensitive PCR/nucleic acid hybridization assay. Cases with HBV DNA in liver and PBMC were tested for covalently closed circular DNA (HBV cccDNA). HBV polymerase (P) amplicons were cloned, sequenced and both P and overlapping surface (S) gene sequences were analysed. HBV DNA was detected in 43% (3/7) of plasma, 100% (9/9) of liver and 83% (5/6) of PBMC samples. HBV cccDNA was detected in all liver and one PBMC sample. Four patients had a clinical diagnosis of resistance. HBV P gene sequencing revealed 100% wild type (wt) in plasma (2/2), 83% wt in PBMC (5/6) but livers of 3/9 (33%) contained wt and 6/9 (66%) carried resistance to lamivudine and/or adefovir. The translated S gene revealed no changes affecting HBV antigenicity. Sequences from livers with antiviral resistant mutants revealed greater interpatient quasispecies diversity. Despite apparent HBV suppression, the liver continues to support HBV replication and extrahepatic HBV can be detected. PBMC may be a sanctuary for wt virus during antiviral therapy, while the liver harbours more drug-resistant viruses. Drug resistance correlates with intrahepatic viral diversity.

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Understanding Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection

Cited by 10 publications

References 137 publications

Dendritic Cell Function during Chronic Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Dendritic Cell Function during Chronic Hepatitis C Virus and Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Epidemiological Distribution and Genotype Characterization of the Hepatitis C Virus Among HIV Patients in Kashan, Iran

Molecular characterization of intrahepatic and extrahepatic hepatitis B virus (HBV) reservoirs in patients on suppressive antiviral therapy

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