Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure

Nevin, Rick

doi:10.1016/j.envres.2007.02.008

Cited by 274 publications

(236 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…[1977][1978][1979][1980][1981][1982][1983][1984][1985][1986] in the percent of students taking prep courses outside of school, and the later rise has been slowed by a surge in the percent of students who speak a foreign language at home (especially affecting verbal scores), but the effect of preschool blood lead is still clearly evident. (Nevin, 2007;College Board, 1987-2005 Figure 8 shows per capita gas lead use was little changed as urban renewal projects in execution 1 9 3 6 : 1 9 5 3 1 9 3 9 : 1 9 5 6 1 9 4 2 : 1 9 5 9 1 9 4 5 : 1 9 6 2 1 9 4 8 : 1 9 6 5 1 9 5 1 : 1 9 6 8 1 9 5 4 : 1 9 7 1 1 9 5 7 : 1 9 7 4 1 9 6 0 : 1 9 7 7 1 9 6 3 : 1 9 8 0 1 9 6 6 : 1 9 8 3 1 9 6 9 : 1 9 8 6 1 9 7 2 : 1 9 8 9 1 9 7 5 : 1 9 9 2 1 9 7 8 : 1 9 9 5 1 9 8 1 : 1 9 9 8 1 9 8 4 -2 0 0 1 1 9 8 7 -2 0 0 4 USA preschool blood lead fell after the mid-1970s, but Mexico did not reduce gas lead use until the late-1980s, affecting foreign-born Mexican-Americans. Native-born Mexican-Americans are also disproportionately located in border areas that had cross-border gas lead exposure, whereas the Puerto Rican population is disproportionately located in New York City (U.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…SAT data are available for 1966-2004 based on the same SAT norm, andcomparable 1951-1965 estimates were derived from data based on an older norm (College Board, 1987-2005. (Powers, 1998;College Board, 1987-2005; U.S. Department of Education, 2004;1997-2007 Regressions were run with preschool blood lead lags of 1 to 45 years to identify best-fit lags for MR prevalence and SAT scores, where the "best-fit" lag has the highest significance 22% 1951 1956 1961 1966 1971 1976 1981 1986 1991 1996 showing the 12-year MR time lag is the "best-fit" (highest R 2 ). Table 1 1 9 3 6 : 1 9 4 8 1 9 4 0 : 1 9 5 2 1 9 4 4 : 1 9 5 6 1 9 4 8 : 1 9 6 0 1 9 5 2 : 1 9 6 4 1 9 5 6 : 1 9 6 8 1 9 6 0 : 1 9 7 2 1 9 6 4 : 1 9 7 6 1 9 6 8 : 1 9 8 0 1 9 7 2 : 1 9 8 4 1 9 7 6 : 1 9 8 8 1 9 8 0 : 1 9 9 2 1 9 8 4 : 1 9 9 6 1 9 8 8 : 2 0 0 0 1 9 9 2 -2 0 0 4 preschool blood lead.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Regressions compare post-1935 preschool blood lead trends (Nevin, 2007) The 1936-99 preschool blood lead estimates in this analysis are anchored by National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data for 1976-80, 1988-91, 1992-94, and 1998(Thomas et al, 1999Pirkle et al, 1994; U.S. Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, 1997 &. Average preschool blood lead before and between survey years were extrapolated from NHANES data and year-to-year percent changes in 1980-88 air lead, 1946-76 refinery lead use, and 1936-46 (leaded) Census, 1975;Nevin, 2000Nevin, & 2007 Although children exposed to lead paint and leaded gas had greater risk of elevated blood lead (because lead ingestion is additive), national trends in average blood lead closely tracked air lead and leaded gas use trends (Thomas et al, 1999) due to slow changes in lead paint exposure after the 1930s.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Average preschool blood lead before and between survey years were extrapolated from NHANES data and year-to-year percent changes in 1980-88 air lead, 1946-76 refinery lead use, and 1936-46 (leaded) Census, 1975;Nevin, 2000Nevin, & 2007 Although children exposed to lead paint and leaded gas had greater risk of elevated blood lead (because lead ingestion is additive), national trends in average blood lead closely tracked air lead and leaded gas use trends (Thomas et al, 1999) due to slow changes in lead paint exposure after the 1930s. Average blood lead estimates used in this analysis are also consistent with available 1956-76 data on national, large urban area, small city, and rural blood lead levels (Nevin, 2007;Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 1993).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…al. 1999;Nevin, 2007). Average USA preschool blood lead was 15 ug/dL in the late-1970s, but fell sharply from 1975-87 due to the leaded gas phase-out (Pirkle et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in preschool lead exposure, mental retardation, and scholastic achievement: Association or causation?

Nevin

2009

Environmental Research

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…al. 1999;Nevin, 2007). Average USA preschool blood lead was 15 ug/dL in the late-1970s, but fell sharply from 1975-87 due to the leaded gas phase-out (Pirkle et al, 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Trends in preschool lead exposure, mental retardation, and scholastic achievement: Association or causation?

Nevin

2009

Environmental Research

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Assessment of Neighborhood Poverty, Cognitive Function, and Prefrontal and Hippocampal Volumes in Children

et al. 2020

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IMPORTANCE The association between poverty and unfavorable cognitive outcomes is robust, but most research has focused on individual household socioeconomic status (SES). There is increasing evidence that neighborhood context explains unique variance not accounted for by household SES. OBJECTIVE To evaluate whether neighborhood poverty (NP) is associated with cognitive function and prefrontal and hippocampal brain structure in ways that are dissociable from household SES. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS This cross-sectional study used a baseline sample of the ongoing longitudinal Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The ABCD Study will follow participants for assessments each year for 10 years. Data were collected at 21 US sites, mostly within urban and suburban areas, between September 2019 and October 2018. School-based recruitment was used to create a participant sample reflecting the US population. Data analysis was conducted from March to June 2019. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES NP and household SES were included as factors potentially associated with National Institutes of Health Toolbox Cognitive Battery subtests and hippocampal and prefrontal (dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [DLPFC], dorsomedial PFC [DMPFC], superior frontal gyrus [SFG]) volumes. Independent variables were first considered individually and then together in mixed-effects models with age, sex, and intracranial volume as covariates. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess shared variance in NP to brain structure and cognitive task associations. The tested hypotheses were formulated after data collection. RESULTS A total of 11 875 children aged 9 and 10 years (5678 [47.8%] girls) were analyzed. Greater NP was associated with lower scores across all cognitive domains (eg, total composite: β = −0.18;

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Association of Childhood Blood Lead Levels With Criminal Offending

et al. 2018

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Importance Lead is a neurotoxin with well-documented effects on health. Research suggests lead may be associated with criminal behavior. This association is difficult to disentangle from low socioeconomic status, a factor in both lead exposure and offending. Objective To test the hypothesis that higher childhood blood-lead level (BLL) is associated with greater risk of (1) criminal conviction, (2) recidivism (repeat conviction), (3) violent conviction, and (4) variety of self-reported criminal offending, in a setting where BLL was not associated with low socioeconomic status (SES). Design Prospective cohort study based on a population-representative 1972–73 birth cohort; the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study observed participants to age 38 years. Setting Dunedin, New Zealand Participants 553 lead-tested members of the Dunedin Study Exposure BLL measured at age 11 years. Main Outcomes and Measures Official criminal conviction cumulative to age 38 years (data collected in 2013). Single conviction or recidivism. Nonviolent or violent crime conviction. Self-reported variety of crime types at ages 15, 18, 21, 26, 32, and 38 years. Results Participants included 553 individuals who had been lead-tested at age 11 years (54% male). Mean (SD) BLL at age 11 years was 11.01 (4.62) μg/dL. Outcome prevalence was: criminal conviction, 28%; recidivism, 16%; violent conviction, 10%. Self-reported offending variety ranged from 0–10 at each assessment and followed the well-established age-crime curve. BLL was a poor predictor of criminal conviction (AUC .58). Overall, associations between BLL and conviction outcomes were weak. Estimated effect of BLL was lower for recidivism than for single conviction and lower for violent offending than nonviolent offending. Sex-adjusted associations between BLL reached statistical significance for only one of the six self-reported offending outcomes, at age 15 years (r=0.10; 95%CI, 0.01, 0.18; P = .023). Conclusions and Relevance This study overcomes past limitations of studies of BLL and crime by studying the association in a place and time where the relation was not confounded by childhood socioeconomic status. Findings failed to support a dose-response association between BLL and consequential criminal offending.

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Understanding international crime trends: The legacy of preschool lead exposure

Cited by 274 publications

References 35 publications

Trends in preschool lead exposure, mental retardation, and scholastic achievement: Association or causation?

Trends in preschool lead exposure, mental retardation, and scholastic achievement: Association or causation?

Assessment of Neighborhood Poverty, Cognitive Function, and Prefrontal and Hippocampal Volumes in Children

Association of Childhood Blood Lead Levels With Criminal Offending

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