Understanding Lithium Inventory Loss and Sudden Performance Fade in Cylindrical Cells during Cycling with Deep-Discharge Steps

Sarasketa-Zabala, E.; Aguesse, Frédéric; Villarreal, I.; Rodrı́guez-Martı́nez, Lide M.; López, Carmen M.; Kubiak, Pierre

doi:10.1021/jp510071d

Cited by 151 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 68 publications

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“…For this type of application, it is important to choose an electrode chemistry able to withstand large voltage amplitude. It is well established that graphite electrodes may easily form lithium dendrites at high C-rates or when reaching low voltage of discharge (Agubra and Fergus 2013), (Sarasketa-Zabala et al 2015). The use of graphite electrodes for this energy arbitrage application will further promote the formation of dendrites and lead to a faster capacity decay of the battery.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact

Casals

García

Aguesse

et al. 2015

Int J Life Cycle Assess

143

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Nowadays, the electric vehicle is one of the most promising alternatives for sustainable transportation. However, the battery, which is one of the most important components, is the main contributor to environmental impact and faces recycling issues. In order to reduce the carbon footprint and to minimize the overall recycling processes, this paper introduces the concept of re-use of electric vehicle batteries, analyzing some possible second-life applications.\ud Methods\ud First, the boundaries of the life cycle assessment of an electric vehicle are defined, considering the use of the battery in a second-life application. To perform the study, we present eight different scenarios for the second-life application. For each case, the energy, the efficiency, and the lifetime of the battery are calculated. Additionally, and based on the global warming potential, the environmental impact of the electric vehicle and its battery on a second-life application is determined for each scenario. Finally, an environmentally focused discussion on battery electrodes and research trends is presented.\ud Results and discussion\ud For the selected scenarios, the second life of the battery varies from 8 to 20 years depending on the application and the requirements. It has been observed that the batteries connected to the electricity grid for energy arbitrage storage have the highest impact per provided kilowatt hour. On the contrary, the environmental benefit comes from applications working with renewable energy sources and presenting a longer lifetime. We pointed out that a correlation between cycling conditions and degradation mechanisms of the electrode materials is compulsory for proper use of the electric vehicle battery in a second-life application.\ud Conclusions\ud To limit the environmental impact, batteries should be associated with renewable energy sources in stationary applications. However, it is more profitable to re-use Li-ion batteries than to use new lead-acid batteries. Although many batteries applied for electric vehicles use graphite-based anodes, the latter may not be the most suitable for the second-life application. A better understanding of Li-ion battery degradation during the second-life application is required for the different existing chemistries.Postprint (author's final draft

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact

Casals

García

Aguesse

et al. 2015

Int J Life Cycle Assess

143

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“…This work has been supported by other authors in the past few years [5], [8], [13] because it relates the IC/DV curves with the most pertinent degradation modes in a simple way. IC/DV curves are derived from halfcell measurements in [6].…”

Section: Identification Of Degradation Modesmentioning

confidence: 87%

“…According to Ohm's law [5], [8], [13], the battery terminal voltage is often computed as the OCV minus the voltage drop due to the ohmic resistance. The decrease of the OCV in the IC curve with cycle number is then related to the increase of the ohmic resistance.…”

Section: Identification Of Degradation Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For both cases, the voltage and capacity phase change slightly, and so implies the system is close to equilibrium and therefore the total overpotential is almost zero. From the electrochemical viewpoint, these phase changes are attributed to structure disordering of the active materials (LAM) due to mechanical stress during cycling [5], [8], [13]. Similarly for the LLI, this means that the graphite could not be lithiated to the same level as it had been initially [6], [8].…”

Section: Identification Of Degradation Modesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A SoH Diagnosis and Prognosis Method to Identify and Quantify Degradation Modes in Li-ion Batteries using the IC/DV technique

Pastor-Fernández¹,

Widanage²,

Chouchelamane³

et al. 2016

6th Hybrid and Electric Vehicles Conference (HEVC 2016)

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Accurate State of Health (SoH) diagnosis and prognosis of Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) may become an important estimate for the Battery Management System (BMS) if it can be acted upon to de-rate the demands placed on the battery in order to reduce the rate of ageing and to extend battery life. The BMS often quantifies SoH based on capacity (SoHE) and power fade (SoHP) without diagnosing the root causes. In line with this, Incremental Capacity (IC) and Differential Voltage (DV) techniques are used to identify and quantify degradation modes as well as to estimate and to predict the SoHE. These techniques were applied to four parallelised LIBs loaded with a constant current profile for 500 cycles. Loss of active material and loss of lithium ions were identified to be the most relevant degradation modes for this experiment. Moreover, a linear relationship between the intensity of the peaks of the IC and DV curves were identified with respect to the SoHE. This result may enable the future estimation and prediction of SoHE in a simple way. Overall, the outcomes of this work may support novel strategies to control SoHE within the BMS, so that the rate of battery degradation can be reduced.

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“…Another challenge for these materials is that their increased surface areas and surface defects make them more susceptible to side reactions and uncontrolled growth of the solid electrolyte interphase layer (SEI). In Li-ion batteries, this growth is the main contributor to lithium-ion inventory loss and raise in interphasial resistance of anodes which limits the life cycle of the cells [1,4,8,9]. And strategies to avoid these problems are not usually readily available or easy to implement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Processing nanoparticle–nanocarbon composites as binder-free electrodes for lithium-based batteries

Baloch

Kubiak

Roddatis

et al. 2017

Mater Renew Sustain Energy

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The processing of battery materials into functional electrodes traditionally requires the preparation of slurries using binders, organic solvents, and additives, all of which present economic and environmental challenges. These are amplified in the production of nanostructured carbon electrodes which are often more difficult to disperse in slurries and require more energy-intensive and longer processing. In this study we demonstrate a new process for preparing binder-free nanocarbon/nanoparticle (Fe-C) composite electrodes and study the effect of processing on the nanocomposite's cycling performance in lithium cells. The binder-free electrodes were prepared by a two-step method: pulsed-electrodeposition of iron-based catalyst followed by chemical vapor deposition of a carbon film. SEM and TEM of the Fe-C showed that the active materials have a fibrous and tortuous morphology with disordered nanocrystalline domains characteristic of an amorphous carbon. The Fe-C electrodes showed good mechanical stability and an excellent cycle performance with an average stable capacity of 221 mAhg -1 , and 85% capacity retention for up to 50 cycles. By reducing the number of processing steps and eliminating the use of binders and other chemicals this new method offers a ''greener'' alternative than current processing methods. Graphical abstractSynopsis: gains in sustainability can be achieved by eliminating use of binders, chemicals, and the number of electrode's processing steps in this new method.

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Understanding Lithium Inventory Loss and Sudden Performance Fade in Cylindrical Cells during Cycling with Deep-Discharge Steps

Cited by 151 publications

References 68 publications

Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact

Second life of electric vehicle batteries: relation between materials degradation and environmental impact

A SoH Diagnosis and Prognosis Method to Identify and Quantify Degradation Modes in Li-ion Batteries using the IC/DV technique

Processing nanoparticle–nanocarbon composites as binder-free electrodes for lithium-based batteries

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