Understanding Macrophage‐Tumor Interactions: Insights from Single‐Cell Behavior Monitoring in a Sessile Microdroplet System

Abstract

Interaction between tumor‐associated macrophages and tumor cells is crucial for tumor development, metastasis, and the related immune process. However, the macrophages are highly heterogeneous spanning from anti‐tumorigenic to pro‐tumorigenic, which needs to be understood at the single‐cell level. Herein, a sessile microdroplet system designed for monitoring cellular behavior and analyzing intercellular interaction, demonstrated with macrophage‐tumor cell pairs is presented. An automatic procedure based on the inkjet printing method is utilized for the precise pairing and co‐encapsulation of heterotypic cells within picoliter droplets. The sessile nature of microdroplets ensures controlled fusion and provides stable environments conducive to adherent cell culture. The nitric oxide generation and morphological changes over incubation are explored to reveal the complicated interactions from a single‐cell perspective. The immune response of macrophages under distinct cellular microenvironments is recorded. The results demonstrate that the tumor microenvironment displays a modulating role in polarizing macrophages from anti‐tumorigenic into pro‐tumorigenic phenotype. The approach provides a versatile and compatible platform to investigate intercellular interaction at the single‐cell level, showing promising potential for advancing single‐cell behavior studies.