“…Related to the risk management process, scholars have highlighted that the level of confidence in the source of messages could be positively associated with the effectiveness of preparation, response, and recovery (Drabek, 1986;Lindell & Perry, 1992;Mileti & Sorensen, 1990). Baldwin et al (2008) further report that the level of public confidence in the credibility of government sources may also affect the level of public compliance with government instructions in the context of terrorist attacks. Slovic (1993) contends that the distrust between the public, industry, and risk management professionals has influence on the contentiousness that has been observed in the risk management arena and thereby limits the effectiveness of risk-communication efforts.…”