“…Regarding cytokines and growth factors, an important role in this process is played by IL-1β and transformation growth factor β (TGF-β), which helps fibroblasts become fibrocytes (2,5). Radiotherapy can impair telomeres, producing senescence to the cells (4). Changes that can appear in an irradiated artery include intimal proliferation and thickening, smooth muscle cell hypertrophy and collagen deposition, disruption of elastic lamina, fibrosis, and obliteration of the vasa vasorum (6).…”