Understanding the bidirectional interactions between two-dimensional materials, microorganisms, and the immune system

Two-dimensional molybdenum disulfide nanosheets evoke nitric oxide-dependent antibacterial effects

“…7 It is pertinent to note that carbon-based nanomaterials are also susceptible to degradation through NADPH oxidase and/or iNOS-driven pathways, 8,21,24,37,38 thus suggesting reciprocal interactions between nanomaterials and the immune system. 3 However, in the present study, the release of NETs is shown to be Mo-dependent, suggesting a different mechanism (in other words, not size-dependent as shown for GO).…”

Nanocrystals for Deep-Tissue In Vivo Luminescence Imaging in the Near-Infrared Region

“…The presence and distribution of microorganisms in the intestinal tract play a crucial role in immune and metabolic functions. − Accurate characterization of the microorganisms is essential for understanding the intrinsic mechanisms. Therefore, Ji et al engineered a NIR-II fluorescent probe by covalent labeling between microbiota and lanthanide nanocrystals (NaGdF 4 :​Yb 3+ ,Er 3+ @NaGdF 4 ,Nd 3+ ) for tracking intestinal probiotics (Figure d–g).…”

The gut microbiome meets nanomaterials: exposure and interplay with graphene nanoparticles

“…On the other hand, as graphene-based nanoparticles may influence the host immune system and microorganisms, reciprocal interactions are also considered. While the enzyme degradation of nanomaterials has been documented in immune cells, including neutrophils and macrophages, 16 only one study demonstrated fermentation of GO by gut microbes. 31 Nonetheless, limited available evidence on the environmental degradation of graphene materials and their biotransformation by microbes (reviewed in ref.…”

“…15 Several in vivo and in vitro studies examined the impact of the exposure to graphenebased nanomaterials and their potential health risk (reviewed in ref. [16][17][18][19]. Due to the oral exposure of the graphene-based nanoparticles, which also results from inhaled nanomaterials being absorbed aer mucous membrane clearance, not only is the host gastrointestinal tract (GI) exposed to potential nanotoxicity, but the alteration in the microbial composition in the gut is also considered.…”