Understanding the clinical and demographic characteristics of second coronavirus spike in 192 patients in Tehran, Iran: A retrospective study

A BSTRACT Introduction: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has seen multiple surges globally since its emergence in 2019. The second wave of the pandemic was generally more aggressive than the first, with more cases and deaths. This study compares the epidemiological features of the first and second COVID-19 waves in Kozhikode district of Kerala and identifies the factors associated with this change. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional study was conducted in Kozhikode district. A total of 132,089 cases from each wave were selected for the study using a consecutive sampling method. Data were collected from the District COVID-19 line list using a semistructured proforma and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) ver. 18. Results: The second wave had a higher proportion of symptomatic cases (17.3%; 20.1%), cases with severe symptoms (0.3%; 0.6%), intensive care unit (ICU) admissions (11.2%; 17.9%), and case fatality rate (0.69%; 0.72%). Significant difference was noted in the age, gender, locality, source of infection, comorbidity profile, symptom, and the pattern of admission in various healthcare settings between the first and second wave. Among the deceased, gender, duration between onset of symptoms and death, comorbidity status, and cause of death were significantly different in both waves. Conclusion: The presence of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Delta variant, as well as changes in human behavior and threat perception as the pandemic progressed, resulted in significant differences in various epidemiological features of the pandemic in both waves, indicating the need for continued vigilance during each COVID-19 wave.

show abstract

“…[ 11 ] Arani et al . [ 12 ] reported a mean age of 54.6 ± 17.2 and the majority of cases belonged to male gender (53.7%).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the epidemiological features of COVID-19 patients in the first and second waves: A study from South India

Meethal

Chathoth

Anaswara

2023

Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…In most cases, the deceased group included older than 60-year-old and less educated individuals, which conforms to the findings of some studies. [11][12][13][14] As age increases, the immune system deteriorates, causing disease and infection; therefore, immunity declines with age. This reduces the effectiveness of vaccinations or the ability to fight respiratory infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In addition, age, body mass index (BMI), and affected family members have been reported to correlate with disease severity. 11 COVID-19 is a complex disease with many unknowns.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of Individual, Clinical, and Paraclinical Factors in the Survivors and Deceased of COVID-19

Yousofvand,

Shamsaei,

Kamyari

et al. 2023

Epidemiol Health System J

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Background and aims: COVID-19 prevention, diagnosis, and treatment require the identification of high-risk variables. Thus, this study compared the personal, clinical, and paraclinical characteristics of deceased and surviving COVID-19 patients. Methods: This cross-sectional descriptive-analytical study was conducted on COVID-19 patients in the University of Medical Sciences Hamadan hospitals from September 2021 to June 2022. A total of 1948 COVID-19 patients were included in the census. Personal, clinical, and paraclinical data were collected from the medical record. Chi-square, independent t-test, and logistic regression were used to analyze the data in SPSS, version 24. Results: Individual, clinical, and paraclinical variables differed significantly between deceased and surviving COVID-19 patients (P<0.05). Age (over 60 years), complications after COVID-19, frequent cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), use of antifungal drugs, oxygen therapy, underlying disease, insulin, diabetes mellitus, hyperlipidemia, angiotensin II receptor blocker, acidosis, cancer, hypertension, antibiotic use, C-reactive protein, creatinine, bilateral lung involvement, and high levels of potassium were the strongest abnormal predictors of death in COVID-19 patients. Conclusion: Identifying the differences between the deceased and the survivors of COVID-19 in terms of individual, clinical, and paraclinical variables and comparing them with each other in terms of these variables can help in the diagnosis, monitoring, risk assessment, treatment, and prevention of COVID-19.

show abstract

“…In addition, to date, this is one of the largest studies to compare patients admitted during the two first waves. Other studies were either of smaller size, with a lower level of data granularity, or conducted in middle income rather than in high income countries [ 13 , 30 – 33 ]. Second, we only focused on mortality, although strain could also increase morbidity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

ICU strain and outcome in COVID-19 patients—A multicenter retrospective observational study

et al. 2022

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose To compare the characteristics, management, and prognosis of patients admitted to intensive care units (ICU) for coronavirus disease (COVID)-19 during the first two waves of the outbreak and to evaluate the relationship between ICU strain (ICU demand due to COVID-19 admissions) and mortality. Methods In a multicentre retrospective study, 1166 COVID-19 patients admitted to five ICUs in France between 20 February and 31 December 2020 were included. Data were collected at each ICU from medical records. A Cox proportional-hazards model identified factors associated with 28-day mortality. Results 640 patients (55%) were admitted during the first wave (February to June 2020) and 526 (45%) during the second wave (July to December 2020). ICU strain was lower during the second wave (-0.81 [-1.04 –-0.31] vs. 1.18 [-0.34–1.29] SD when compared to mean COVID-19 admission in each center during study period, P<0.001). Patients admitted during the second wave were older, had more profound hypoxemia and lower SOFA. High flow nasal cannula was more frequently used during the second wave (68% vs. 39%, P<0.001) and intubation was less frequent (46% vs. 69%, P<0.001). Neither 28-day mortality (30% vs. 26%, P = 0.12) nor hospital mortality (37% vs. 31%, P = 0.27) differed between first and second wave. Overweight and obesity were associated with lower 28-day mortality while older age, underlying chronic kidney disease, severity at ICU admission as assessed by SOFA score and ICU strain were associated with higher 28-day mortality. ICU strain was not associated with hospital mortality. Conclusion The characteristics and the management of patients varied between the first and the second wave of the pandemic. Rather than the wave, ICU strain was independently associated with 28-day mortality, but not with hospital mortality.

show abstract

Understanding the clinical and demographic characteristics of second coronavirus spike in 192 patients in Tehran, Iran: A retrospective study

Cited by 7 publications

References 26 publications

Comparison of the epidemiological features of COVID-19 patients in the first and second waves: A study from South India

Comparison of the epidemiological features of COVID-19 patients in the first and second waves: A study from South India

Comparison of Individual, Clinical, and Paraclinical Factors in the Survivors and Deceased of COVID-19

ICU strain and outcome in COVID-19 patients—A multicenter retrospective observational study

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About