Understanding the Degradation Factors, Mechanism and Initiatives for Highly Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are intriguing and viable challengers among all solar photovoltaic (PV) technologies worldwide due to their high conversion efficiency and simple manufacturing procedure. PSCs are currently thought to be very promising for the future generation of PV technology, which can make it easier to solving the rising energy demand. However, commercial mass production of PSCs is still far away due to their stability, and eco-friendly material issues. Extrinsic degradation is one of the vital issues for PSCs and various approaches are proposed and developed by researchers towards improve the quality and the stability of perovskite and other active materials for a PSC with longer lifetime. In this article, we conduct a systematic study to identify the major intrinsic and extrinsic degradation factors, and the degradation mechanism of PSCs. We investigate the potential approaches related to improving the stability and performance of the PSCs including encapsulation, interfacial layer engineering, additive engineering, ion engineering, and fabrication techniques. We also briefly point out the recent promising approaches to improve stability and power conversion efficiency (PCE) under various harsh conditions. This review will provide a better insight into the present scenario of the PSC as well.

Band gap tuning of perovskite solar cells for enhancing the efficiency and stability: issues and prospects

“…[214][215][216][217] Device architectures, which include the selection of charge transport layers, interfacial engineering, and passivation strategies, are essential for reducing the losses due to recombination and increasing the charge extraction efficiency. 212,218 Effective encapsulation strategies shield PSCs from environmental degradation factors like moisture, oxygen, and light exposure, which preserve their stability and prolong their operational lifetime. 218,219 The interplay of these factors, spanning from lm morphology to encapsulation, ultimately determines PSC stability and longterm high performance, which make them attractive contenders for widespread utilization in renewable energy applications.…”

“…6 In addition, perovskite materials retain distinctive characteristics such as tunable band gaps, low exciton binding energy, high absorption coefficients, ambipolar charge transportation, and long charge carrier diffusion lengths. [7][8][9][10] These valuable features make it possible for researchers to optimize PSCs in ways that are challenging for other types of solar cells. In recent years, there has been remarkable growth in the PCE of PSCs, increasing from 3.8% to an impressive 26.1%.…”

Interface passivation with Ti3C2Tx-MXene doped PMMA film for highly efficient and stable inverted perovskite solar cells

“…Among them, interfacial and bulk defects in addition to poor energy-level alignment between perovskite/ charge transport layers result in recombination losses, which compromises charge extraction. 2,4 These non-radiative recombination processes also affect the solar cell V oc and FF. Moreover, ion diffusion across the layers promotes charge accumulation at interfaces, affecting the operation and stability of PSCs.…”

“…Device series resistance (R S ), shunt resistance (R SH ), ideality factor (n), power parameter of J sc light dependent measurement (a) and trap density parameters (N t and N t,IS ) of the control, PMMA and PMMA:MX (0.3, 1.5 and 3.0 wt%) Â 104 1.91 0.977 7.03 Â 10 17 7.2 Â 10 17 PMMA 38 3.9 Â 10 6 2.95 0.863 3.08 Â 10 17 1.5 Â 10 17 PMMA:MX-0.3% 31 1.2 Â 10 6 1.66 0.949 3.56 Â 10 17 2.9 Â 10 17 PMMA:MX-1.5% 18 9.9 Â 10 5 1.67 0.985 4.15 Â 10 17 4.5 Â 10 17 PMMA:MX-3.0% 15 6.7 Â 10 5 1.88 0.980 5.33 Â 10 17 5.8 Â 10 17…”

Application of Natural Molecules in Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells

“…Recently, many reviews of PSCs have been published and have provided more in-depth insights for researchers [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]. However, up to now, few reviews have focused on the development of PSCs modified by natural molecules.…”