Understanding the Effect of a Paint Bake Cycle on the Microstructure–Mechanical Properties Relationship of a Resistance Spot Welded Advanced High Strength Steel

Eftekharimilani, P.; Aa, E.M. van der; Petrov, Roumen; Hermans, M.J.M.; Richardson, I.M.

doi:10.1007/s11661-018-4912-9

Cited by 16 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…It should be noted that the load-displacement behavior of the AWS-PB sample exhibits a strong resemblance to load-displacement curves documented in the literature. 32,33) In Region 1, both the AWS and AWS-PB samples exhibit extensive bending of the base material, which is widely accepted in the literature. 30) In Region 2 (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of Paint Baking Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Resistance Spot Welded Q&P 980 Steel

Ramachandran,

Salandari-Rabori,

Midawi

et al. 2024

ISIJ Int.

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This study investigates the impact of paint baking on the macro and micro-mechanical properties of resistance spot welds in quenched and partitioned 980 steels. It is observed that paint baking enhances both peak load and energy absorption during cross-tension tests, as indicated by load-displacement curves. Four different regions were identified from the load-displacement curves after paint baking. An intriguing observation was a quick increase in the loading rate following a prior decrease, attributed to change in crack propagation behavior rather than improved work hardening. The study further simulated the upper-critical heat-affected zone using a Gleeble thermo-mechanical simulator to evaluate flow strength and work hardening. The Kocks-Mecking strain-hardening model was employed to analyze work hardening behavior in the studied conditions.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Effect of Paint Baking Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Resistance Spot Welded Q&P 980 Steel

Ramachandran,

Salandari-Rabori,

Midawi

et al. 2024

ISIJ Int.

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“…Electrode force, welding time, and holding time were kept constant at 5.5 kN, 0.24, and 0.2 s, respectively, according to the base material's thickness, strength, and AWS D8.9 Standard. According to previous works, [34,35] , baking heat treatment after resistance spot welding can improve the mechanical properties of AHSS resistance spot welds. However, in this study, no post-weld baking was conducted after welding.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 94%

The Role of HAZ Softening on Cross-Tension Mechanical Performance of Martensitic Advanced High Strength Steel Resistance Spot Welds

Tamizi

Pouranvari

Movahedi

2021

Metall Mater Trans A

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Giga-grade martensitic advanced high-strength steels are prone to sub-critical heat-affected zone (SCHAZ) softening during resistance spot welding. The article aims at understanding the role of HAZ softening on the fracture mode, load-bearing capacity, and energy absorption capability of MS1400 resistance spot welds during the cross-tension test. The highest load-bearing capacity was obtained when pullout failure was initiated from the martensitic coarse-grained HAZ. However, more severe HAZ softening and formation of a wider softened zone, promoted at high heat input conditions, encourages strain localization in SCHAZ, promoting transition in failure location to sub-critical HAZ. This change in pullout failure location is responsible for the observed reduction in the weld peak load at high welding currents. Therefore, control of martensite tempering in the HAZ is critical to obtain strong and reliable resistance spot welds in martensitic advanced high-strength steel sheets. To preclude the detrimental effect of the martensite tempering on the weld strength, the minimum welding current, which enables pullout failure mode, should be used for resistance spot welding of MS1400 advanced martensitic steel.

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“…As a number of Al alloys such as 6xxx and 7xxx series alloys are characteristically temper age hardened, the effect of post-weld baking on base metal strength and the joint performance has been a subject of many studies, on both steel-steel RSWs and Al-Al RSWs. For example, in high strength steel RSWs, it has been found that post-weld baking resulted in increased cross-tension strength and fracture toughness, due to the low-temperature baking induced precipitation of carbides in martensite within weld nugget and heat affected zone (HAZ) [1][2][3][4]. For the heat treatable Al alloys, it is well acknowledged that paint baking hardens the materials through precipitation strengthening, however, for the corresponding RSWs, the post-weld baking was found to have limited influence on the joint strength.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A New Perspective of Post-Weld Baking Effect on Al-Steel Resistance Spot Weld Properties through Machine Learning and Finite Element Modeling

Zhang

Wang

Chen

et al. 2022

JMMP

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The root cause of post-weld baking on the mechanical performance of Al-steel dissimilar resistance spot welds (RSWs) has been determined by machine learning (ML) and finite element modeling (FEM) in this study. A deep neural network (DNN) model was constructed to associate the spot weld performance with the joint attributes, stacking materials, and other conditions, using a comprehensive experimental dataset. The DNN model positively identified that the post-weld baking reduces the joint performance, and the extent of degradation depends on the thickness of stacking materials. A three-dimensional finite element (FE) model was then used to investigate the root cause and the mechanism of the baking effect. It revealed that the formation of high thermal stresses during baking, from the mismatch of thermal expansion between steel and Al alloy, causes damage and cracking of the brittle intermetallic compound (IMC) formed at the interface of the weld nugget during welding. This in turn reduces the joint performance by promoting undesirable interfacial fracture when the welds were subjected to externally applied loads. The FEM model further revealed that increase in structural stiffness, because of increase in steel sheet thickness, reduces the thermal stresses at the interface caused by the thermal expansion mismatch and consequently lessens the detrimental effect of post-weld baking on the joint performance.

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Understanding the Effect of a Paint Bake Cycle on the Microstructure–Mechanical Properties Relationship of a Resistance Spot Welded Advanced High Strength Steel

Cited by 16 publications

References 19 publications

Effect of Paint Baking Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Resistance Spot Welded Q&P 980 Steel

Effect of Paint Baking Treatment on Mechanical Properties of Resistance Spot Welded Q&P 980 Steel

The Role of HAZ Softening on Cross-Tension Mechanical Performance of Martensitic Advanced High Strength Steel Resistance Spot Welds

A New Perspective of Post-Weld Baking Effect on Al-Steel Resistance Spot Weld Properties through Machine Learning and Finite Element Modeling

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