“…Nearly all classes of porous solids have potential as solid sorbents for CO 2 capture ( 1 – 3 , 7 – 10 ), including metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) ( 2 , 3 , 9 , 12 – 14 ), in which chemical building blocks, pore sizes and shapes, surface functionalities, and even degrees of order can be varied to optimize CO 2 capture ability. More robust MOFs ( 15 , 16 ), including ones that are stable in the presence of water ( 17 – 19 ) and steam ( 20 ), have been reported, although stability to wet acid gases is less common ( 21 – 23 ). For sorbent powder to be a usable material, it must be capable of formation in macroscopic shape for rapid mass transfer and thermal management, be durable in that form, and be available at scale (hundreds of thousands of tonnes) and reasonable cost ( 24 , 25 ).…”